2012司法考试行政法复习笔记

Employers pay high salaries to IT managers because ______.

(A) they work hard

(B) they are excellent leaders

(D) they are key factors to their success

正确答案：D

Honesty __________ as an important part of the American character.

A. saw

B. took

C. was took

D. was seen

参考答案：D

What does the author expect to show by Jeff’s story ？

A. honesty can be of great help.

B. A bad thing can be turned into a good one.

C. Helping others cheat can do good to nobody.

D. One should realize the wrong in his bad deeds.

正确答案：D

In the last paragraph the author mainly wants to express .

A. one must be brave to be honest

B. it’s difficult to be honest when others are not

C. one should be honest when making a deposit

D. honesty in one’s actions can help him in the future

正确答案：D

Passage Three

Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children only for the purpose of educating them; our purpose is to prepare them for life. As soon as we realize this fact, we will understand that it is very important to choose a system of education which will really prepare children for life. It is not enough just to choose the first system of education one finds, or to continue with one's old system of education without examining it to see whether it is in fact suitable or not.

In many modern countries, it has for some time been fashionable to think that by free education for all—whether rich or poor, clever or stupid—one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that free education for all is not enough; we find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them to fill. Because of their degrees, they refuse to do what they consider "low" work; and, in fact, work with the hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries.

But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we will die if we have no food. If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses, we would have terrible diseases in our towns. In countries where there are no servants because everyone is ashamed to do such work, scientists have to waste much of their time doing housework.

In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to prepare for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability, and secondly, we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and it is very bad to be ashamed of one's work, or to scorn someone else's. Only such a type of education can be called valuable to society.

44. Education is______.

A. a purpose

B. a means

C. fashionable

D. the first system

正确答案：B
44．答案为B 此题为细节题。本文主要探讨教育问题。第一句就是主题句，给出了教育的定义。所以答案在第一段的第一句：Education is not an end，but a means to an end。

of accountability, redress of orders and prohibitions. Strengthening the honesty and self-discipline of leading cadres honesty in politics and education work, enhance leaders ability to resistof accountability, redress of orders and prohibitions. Strengthening the honesty and self-discipline of leading cadres honesty in politics and education work, enhance leaders ability to resistof accountability, redress of orders and prohibitions. Strengthening the honesty and self-discipline of leading cadres honesty in politics and education work, enhance leaders ability to resist第一章行政法概述第一节行政法的基本概念第二节行政法的法律渊源第三节行政法的基本原则第一节行政法的基本概念一、行政 1、什么是行政？行政法意义上的行政是指公共行政。从广义上讲，行政是组织管理活动，任何一个国家机关，都有一个组织管理活动的职能。任何一个企事业单位也都有一个组织管理的问题，甚至于任何一个家庭和个人都有一个组织管理问题。但是我们这里讲的行政有特定的含义。我们知道，宪法是控制国家权力的法。宪法把国家权力分为三个部分，即行政权、立法权、司法权，然后在宪法的基本原则之下用行政法去控制行政权，用立法法去控制立法权，用司法法去控制司法权。所以，宪法是从宏观上控制国家权力的，行政法是控制国家权力中的行政权的运行的。行政法所研究的行政主要是公共行政中的国家行政，主要是研究作为国家机关的行政机关运用行政权的过程。行政是一种运用行政权的表现。行政权是一种国家权力，国家权力的最大特点是：它是一种命令，行政机关和公民双方地位不对等。 2、行政活动的主要特征：行政法支配的公共行政，其中主要是国家行政。国家行政，是指国家行政机关行使国家行政职权实现国家行政职能的活动。这种行政活动的主要特征是：第一，具有国家职权性.可以使用国家强制力实现它的意志。第二，具有执行性。即行政机关对我国国家权力机关即各级人民代表大会的从属性。第三，具有公共性。国家设置和实施行政职权的目的，是为了取得、发展和维护国家和社会公共利益。第四，具有积极、直接性。行政职权的行使可以不以他人的请求为条件，主动地采取为实现其职能所需要的行政措施。行政机关可以直接具体地规定特定人的权利义务。 3、行政的主要分类：在行政法学上，可以将国家行政分为干预行政和给付行政、积极行政和消极行政、负担行政和授益行政、形式行政和实质行政。负担行政是行政机关使公民负担义务的行为，授益行政是行政机关为公民提供利益和赋予权利的行为。在符合信赖保护原则的情形下，对于有法律瑕疵的授益行为不得撤销或者撤回。形式行政是指以行政机关作为划分行政的根据，只要是行政机关从事的职能活动都可以被认为是行政活动，不论它们是制定规则的、处理具体事项的还是裁决争议案件的活动；实质行政是指以国家机关的活动功能作为划分行政的根据，制定规则和裁决争议案件以外的执行性活动都被认为是行政活动，无论它们是由什么国家机构实施的活动。我国行政法意义上的行政主要是指形式行政。二、行政法 1、行政法定义行政法，是调整由于国家行政权的作用而发生的行政关系的法律规范的总和。行政法的调整对象是行政关系，行政关系是国家行政机关实现其行政职能的社会形式，是国家行政机关在实施国家行政管理过程中发生的社会关系的总称。行政法有赋予行政机关管理职权以保证行政效率，监督行政机关以防止和消除违法行为两方面的功能。但是，行政法是围绕着行政权展开的，核心是控制行政权的运行。行政法最高价值是控制行政权，更低一点的价值是保障行政权的运行、规范行政权的运行。当“控权”和“保权”有冲突时，控权的价值优先。 2、行政法学体系行政法的体系，是围绕行政权展开的。行政法包括三个部分，第一部分是行政组织法，谁有资格去行使行政权；第二部分行政行为法，是行政主体行使行政权的外在表现；第三部分是行政监督法，是对行使行政权的监督。行政监督的另外一个方面，就是给相对人提供法律上的救济。所以，行政监督法从另一个角度也可叫行政救济法。所有的行政法教材都是三大部分，加上总论部分，就是四个部分。第二节行政法的法律渊源一、成文法在行政法法律渊源中的地位原则上成文法是我国行政法的主要法律渊源，不成文法的法律解释也是我国行政法的法律渊源。行政机关的行政惯例、法院的司法裁判以及学者的理论学说不能成为我国行政机关活动的法律根据，也不能成为评价行政活动合法性的准则。二、行政法法律渊源的主要种类 1宪法。宪法的规定在行政法的法律渊源体系中具有最高法律效力，宪法是国家的根本大法，规定国家的基本制度，是各项立法的依据。宪法包含的行政法规范主要有： (1)关于公民基本权利和义务的规范。 (2)关于国家行政机关组织、基本工作制度和职权的规范。 (3)关于行政管理活动基本原则的规范。 (4)关于国有经济组织、集体经济组织、外资或合资经济组织以及个体劳动者在行政活动中的权利、义务的规范。此外，还有关于国家行政区域划分和设立特别行政区的规范，关于国家发展教育、科学、医疗卫生、体育、文学艺术的规范等等。 2法律，指全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定发布的基本法律和普通法律，其中80以上是行政法的法律渊源。法律是对宪法中所规定的关于行政权力的获得、行使和接受监督的原则性规范具体化。法律作为行政法的渊源仅次于宪法，具有较高的效力等级，是其他法律渊源的依据。 3行政法规，指由国务院根据宪法和法律，按照行政法规的制定权限和制定程序发布的规范性文件。行政法规是对法律进行具体化的主要形式，其效力仅次于法律，高于其他法律渊源。根据国务院关于行政法规制定程序条例的规定，行政法规的名称有“条例”、“规定”、“办法”三种。也就是说，行政法规的、表现形式仅限于此三种，国务院制定的不属于此三种名称的规范性文件不在行政法规之列，如决定、通知、通告等。记住这一点，对于掌握国务院行政法规与非行政法规的权限范围非常重要。 4地方性法规，指由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会及其常委会，较大的市的人民代表大会及其常委会，按照地方性法规制定权限和制定程序发布的规范性文件。省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会及其常委会制定的地方性法规不得与宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触，较大的市的人民代表大会及其常委会制定的地方性法规不得与宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触；可以根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要制定地方性法规。在等级效力上，地方性法规低于宪法、、法律和行政法规；在地域效力上，其效力范围也仅限于本行政区域以内。 5自治条例和单行条例，指我国民族自治地方的人民代表大会按照自治条例和单行条例的制定权限和制定程序发布的规范性文件。自治区的自治条例和单行条例报全国人大常委会批准后生效；自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例报省或自治区人大常委会批准后生效，并报全国人大常委会备案。 6行政规章，分为国务院部门规章和地方政府规章。行政规章的数量大，适用范围广，是行政法的主要渊源之一。部门规章，是国务院各组成部门和具有行政管理职能的直属机构，按照规章制定权限和制定程序发布的规范性文件。部门规章应当规定属于执行法律或者国务院行政法规、决定命令的事项。在效力

I thought that honesty ______ the best policy.

A was

B is.

C being

D be

参考答案B

His honesty is ____________. He can be always trusted.

A、out of question

B、out of the question

C、 not the question

D、in thequestion

参考答案：A

Honesty and hard work _______ to success and happiness.

A、help

B、contribute

C、bring

D、compare

参考答案：B

According to the New Curriculum Standard, the ultimate goal of English education is to develop students' ability to use English communicatively. Therefore, English education in schools,should be__________.

A.knowledge-centred
B.ability-oriented
C.speaking-focused
D.communication-focused

答案：B

解析：

考查新课标内容。题目问的是：根据新课程标准，英语教育最大的目标是培养学生的英语语言运用能力。所以，英语教育应该是能力教育。本题可以利用排除法来选择。

Of all her traits,her honesty is most appreciated among her friends.

A:characteristics
B:characters
C:stunts
D:skills

答案：A

解析：

本句意思是：在所有的性格特点里，她的朋友最欣赏的是她的诚实。trait 意为“特点，特性”，如：Creativity is a human trait.创造力是人类的一种特性。characteristic意为“特点”，如：Exquisite workmanship is the outstanding characteristic of these artistic handworks.工艺精美是这些工艺品的突出特点。character意为“性格”，例如：The character of this country has been formed by immigration.这个国家的国民性是由移民形成的。stunt意为“特技”，如：A stunt man needs to have a good guardian angel.当特技替身演员的得有个守护天使来保佑。skill 意为“技术”。只有选项A同句中画线单词含义接近。

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考题 To many Americans,education is important because（）Ait contributes to the success of individualsBit contributes to the strengthening of national strengthCit prepares the young people for future developmentDBoth A and BD略

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考题单选题______ about the bookkeeper’s honesty, the company asked him to resign.A There be some questions B There are some questionsC There have been some questions D There being some questions正确答案：B解析：簿记员的诚实受到质疑，公司要求他辞职。现在分词构成独立主格作状语。

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考题单选题Hancock’s study focuses on _____.A the consequences of lying in various communications mediaB the success of communications technologies in conveying ideasC people’s preferences in selecting communications technologiesD people’s honesty’s levels across a range of communications media正确答案：A解析：细节题。选项D同义替换了首段第二句，compare honesty across a range of communications media意为“比较人们通过各种媒介进行交流时所表现出的诚实度”。选项A、C文中未提及。由于只在文章首句提及“communications technology”，故排除B项。

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考题单选题According to Larson, to redress the traffic problem, _____.A car pooling must be studiedB rapid mass transit system must be introducedC flexible work hours must be experimentedD overall strategies must be coordinated正确答案：D解析：细节题。第五段Larson发表自己对smart-highway的见解时提到smart-highway仅仅是“part of the package. There are different strategies”，暗示了交通问题的解决仅靠现代技术是不够的，还需要各个策略的协调，选项D符合。

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考题共用题干 Are You a Successful Leader?1 Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation.At work or at play,you'll find yourself in groups,working with other people:your team at work,a meeting with colleagues,your family,a holiday with friends,a group of students working together,a day out walking in the mountains,a group of neighbours want- ing to make changes.It is now recognized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the major keys to success,partly because we need to do it so often.2 In almost every situation where you're in a group,you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders.Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated.Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved.There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and others disappear. Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.3 Some people are natural leaders.The celebrity chef,Antonio Carluccio says,"True leaders are born and you can spot them in kitchens."They're people who combine toughness,fairness and humour. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural-born leaders,most people now recognize that leadership can also be taught.Our professional and experienced staff can train almost anyone how to be a successful leader. Good leaders don't make people do things in a bossy,controlling way.You can learn how to involve everyone, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal.4 Our training courses use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader. Seff-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader.Successful leaders also need to be calm and intelligent.They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgements under pressure.Lastly,and probably most importantly,good leaders need to be sensi- tive,sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people.Good leadership is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the group to contribute.Groups often break down because of__________.A:the ability to work with othersB:encouraging group membersC:lack of good leadersD:bossing people aroundE:working out good strategiesF: overcoming fears about being a leader答案：C解析：由第一段主题句“Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation”可知任何事情都不是我们单独完成的，即people are in groups。由第二段第一句“.You will need a skilled leader"，在此skilled相当于good。由第三段倒数第二句中的“train almost anyone to be successful leader”可知培训可以造就好的领导人才。第四段主要讲的是好的领导应有各种不同的才能。故选A。由第一段最后一句“…being able to work successfully with other people is one of the majorkeys to success...”可知选A。由第二段第三句“Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down", 可知选C。从第三段倒数第二句“don't make people do things in a bossy, controlling way"，可知好的领导不以发号施令和控制的方式让人做事，故选D。由第四段第二句“Self-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader"，可知自信很重要，它可以帮你克服成为领导的恐惧。故选F。

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考题共用题干 Are You a Successful Leader?1 Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation.At work or at play,you'll find yourself in groups,working with other people:your team at work,a meeting with colleagues,your family,a holiday with friends,a group of students working together,a day out walking in the mountains,a group of neighbours want- ing to make changes.It is now recognized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the major keys to success,partly because we need to do it so often.2 In almost every situation where you're in a group,you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders.Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated.Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved.There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and others disappear. Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.3 Some people are natural leaders.The celebrity chef,Antonio Carluccio says,"True leaders are born and you can spot them in kitchens."They're people who combine toughness,fairness and humour. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural-born leaders,most people now recognize that leadership can also be taught.Our professional and experienced staff can train almost anyone how to be a successful leader. Good leaders don't make people do things in a bossy,controlling way.You can learn how to involve everyone, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal.4 Our training courses use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader. Seff-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader.Successful leaders also need to be calm and intelligent.They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgements under pressure.Lastly,and probably most importantly,good leaders need to be sensi- tive,sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people.Good leadership is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the group to contribute.Good leaders always avoid__________.A:the ability to work with othersB:encouraging group membersC:lack of good leadersD:bossing people aroundE:working out good strategiesF: overcoming fears about being a leader答案：D解析：由第一段主题句“Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation”可知任何事情都不是我们单独完成的，即people are in groups。由第二段第一句“.You will need a skilled leader"，在此skilled相当于good。由第三段倒数第二句中的“train almost anyone to be successful leader”可知培训可以造就好的领导人才。第四段主要讲的是好的领导应有各种不同的才能。故选A。由第一段最后一句“…being able to work successfully with other people is one of the majorkeys to success...”可知选A。由第二段第三句“Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down", 可知选C。从第三段倒数第二句“don't make people do things in a bossy, controlling way"，可知好的领导不以发号施令和控制的方式让人做事，故选D。由第四段第二句“Self-confidence is vital and being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader"，可知自信很重要，它可以帮你克服成为领导的恐惧。故选F。

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考题单选题Honesty is the most important______a man should have.A effortB habitC qualityD question正确答案：C解析：

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2012司法考试行政法复习笔记

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