问题:问答题Read the passage carefully to find the answers for Questions 1 to 5. Answer each question in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Children’s Thinking One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two “behavior segments” never actually performed before, in some novel way, so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull’s principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could got the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble to get the toy. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) However, they did not for the most part “integrate”, to use the Kendlers’ terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. Therefore, the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning. The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from another psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers’ task either. It lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers’ one but much easier for the African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behavior segments— “open the right match-box to get the key” and “use the key to open the box”—so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns out that the difficulty of “integration” is greatly reduced. Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students did in the Kendlers’ own experiments. Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the child could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no “magic” about the specific marble which, during the second stage of training, the experimenter handed to him so that he could pop it in the hole and get the reward. A child understands nothing, after all, about how a marble put into a hole can open a little door. How is he to know that any other marble of similar size will do just as well? Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem. Hewson made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a “swapping game” with the children. The two modifications together produced a jump in success rates from 30 percent to 90 percent for five-year-olds and from 35 percent to 72.5 percent for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement— rather a slight drop in performance—resulted from the change. We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning. Questions:1.Howard and Tracey Kendler trained their subjects _______ in the two stages of their experiment. 2.What did the Kendlers conclude? 3.What objects did Cole use to do his experiment? 4.Who used a machine to measure deductive reasoning that replaced button-pressing with drawer opening? 5.Hewson’s modifications resulted in a higher success rate for _______ children.
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问题:问答题What comes next?A, 1A, 111A, 311A, ?
问题:单选题Guest: Have you a single room for tonight and tomorrow night with a telephone and shower? Clerk: We haven't any rooms with a shower free just now, but there is a bathroom available on each floor. Guest: ______A Oh, sorry. Forget it.B How regretful! I give it up.C All right. It does.D All right. That'll do.
问题:单选题He has been ill with a strange disease lately, ______ I’ve never heard of before.A itB thisC thatD one
问题:问答题Simon rents a car in the city to go skiing in the mountains 100 kilometres away. He stops halfway to pick up his girlfriend Nina at her house, and drives the remaining 50 kilometres with her. On their way back, Simon drops Nina at her house and drives back to the city alone. He returns the car and pays $50 for the rental and $10 for the gas. Simon and Nina share the expenses equitably. How much should Nina pay?
问题:问答题The importance of a contract in an international sales transaction cannot be underestimated. Often it is the only document between the parties to which they may refer for clarification of mutual responsibilities, and resolution of disputes in the event of disagreement. Such a contract may well survive the relationship it defines. So the exporter should avoid viewing the contract merely as a document that initiates transaction and subsequently is filed and forgotten. Contracts must be drafted with an awareness of the background of the law in which the transaction takes place, with a clear conception of the various services it may be called upon to render. It is best to obtain legal advice as to the best set of contractual terms appropriate to the product and type of business.
问题:单选题The municipal government ______ heavy responsibilities for the urban planning and development.A toleratesB enduresC withstandsD bears
问题:单选题What’s the address of the travel agency?A 22 Maleet Street.B 22 Mallet Street.C 22 Malet Street.
问题:问答题即使报酬并不优厚,我还是决定接受那个新职位。(even though)
问题:单选题How old must members of the club be?A Under ten.B Under thirteen.C Under sixteen.
问题:单选题______ the 2008 Olympic Games, the air quality in Beijing would not be so good these days.A Except forB But forC As forD For all
问题:单选题A: Tom, why didn’t you come to the class yesterday? B: ______A I had come, but there was a visitor at home.B I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.C No way, as a visitor was coming to visit me.D I’m sorry. I won’t miss the class again.
问题:单选题Joseph:Excuse me. Have you got a minute? Ethan:The doctors are very bust… Joseph:No, it’s not that. It’s just that ______ . Have you thought of getting a drinks machine put in? Ethan:Uhm… I don’t think so, bur I’ll speak to the hospital management about that.A I’m rather thirsty after all this timeB if you need someone to helpC there’s too much traffic these daysD I missed the train this morning
问题:问答题偷看别人的信件构成了对其隐私的侵犯。(steal a glance at)
问题:单选题What will Dan do this afternoon?A Play footballB Play computer gamesC Play tennis
问题:单选题Never before ______ so many people in our country been interested in athletic sports.A hasB isC haveD are
问题:问答题Turn in your collection of industry-supplied freebies and Goodman will send back a few replacement pens bearing the No Free Lunch insignia. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, the pharmaceutical (1) ind____ spends $8,000 to $13,000 per physician each year to promote its wares, which are hawked by a sales force of roughly 80,000 representatives. He decided to keep the clinic off-limits to drug sales (2) re____ but found it hard to practice. He created a (3)____ to sell the pens and mugs to raise money for the patients, which is called it NoFreeLunch.org. Drug companies send extravagant gifts to doctors, which do (4) in____ what they prescribe. The more expensive drugs, which are heavily (5)____(market) to doctors, are far more frequently prescribed by doctors. Goodman has done many things to alert physicians to such (6)____(trouble) data; he also plans to convince med-schools to educate their students about the (7)____(ethic) hazard of accepting corporate gifts. I find [No Free Lunch] to be one of the few hopeful things in this area, she says. So many doctors are now bought and paid for. Though bad press has forced drug companies to scale back some of their more extravagant gifts, like the Caribbean getaways of yore, Goodman says expensive dinners, and tickets to Broadway (8)____ and big-league games remain commonplace. One popular sales technique involves (9)____(trail) a doctor to a gas station, then offering to pay for a lube job—during the (10) w____ at the shop, the sales representative has ample time to talk up his product.
问题:单选题The senior professor told his students to ______ on their studies.A be carefulB pay attentionC concernD concentrate
问题:问答题全体工作人员依次值晚班。(take turns)
问题:问答题不可能下雪,但可能下雨。(though adv.)