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Text 3 Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat

题目
Text 3 Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits，”said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,ColgatePalmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewed advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavitypreventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of faroff springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76 billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to______

A.reveal their impact on people's habits
B.show the urgent need of daily necessities
C.indicate their effect on people's buying power
D.manifest the significant role of good habits
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相似问题和答案

第1题：

Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, which ________ increase the risk of heart disease.

[A] in turn

[B] in return

[C] by chance

[D] by turns


正确答案：A

第2题：

From the text we know that some of consumers' habits are developed due to（ ）

[A] perfected art of products

[B] automatic behavior. creation

[C] commercial promotions

[D] scientific experiments


正确答案：C

第3题：

Reading the magazines () one of my parents’ life habits since they retired.

A. became

B. have become

C. had become

D. has become


参考答案：D

第4题：

Americans today have different eating habits than in the past.They have a broader knowledge of（ ）,so they buy more fresh fruit and vegetables than ever before.Statistics show the way people live determines the way they eat.

A.food
B.diet
C.nutrition
D.hygiene

答案：C
解析：
nutrition“营养”。其他词与句意不符。D.hygiene卫生（学）。

第5题：

The Law to Keep the Oil Industry under Control
The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control.A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline;production limits have been laid down(though these have already been
raised);and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers.But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems,and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long.As on Norwegian politician said last week:“We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”
Ever since the war,the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic
Circle.During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success:Tromso has been built up into a local
capital with a university,a large hospital and a healthy industry.But the oil industry has already started to draw people south,
and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.
The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north,however.With nearly 100 percent employment,everyone
can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil
industry.Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.The
real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life.Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population,but they are an important part of it,because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as
essentially Norwegian.And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage
that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.

The Norwegian Government has tried to ______.

A.encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources.
B.prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway.
C.help the oil companies solve many of their problems.
D.keep the oil industry to something near its present size.

答案：D
解析：
本题考查细节。

D选项，使石油工业保持在接近现在的规模。符合题意，综上，D选项正确。

A选项，鼓励石油公司去发现新石油资源。不符合题意，故排除。

B选项，制止石油公司雇佣来自挪威北方的人。不符合题意，故排除。

C选项，帮助石油公司解决许多问题。不符合题意，故排除。

故正确答案为D。

第6题：

A

If you go to a fast food restaurant．you will probably see a lot of teenagers． Today，many teenagers are overweight，and some of．this is because of their bad eating habits．， Most teenagers love food with a lot of fat，oil，salt，and sugar． People often call this kind of food "junk food"．

But． bad eating habits go beyond fast food． We find many teenagers eat unhealthily． Some don't have breakfast before they go to school． During the day，some don't have a proper meal for lunch． In a recent survey at one school，scientists found that over two-thirds of the students didn't follow a healthy diet． They didn't like vegetables，and many of them didn't like to eat fruits． They preferred to eat food with a lot of salt，sugar，or fat．

Parents today also worry about their children's diet． Some doctors give the ．following ad-vice :

★Teenagers shouldn't eat too much junk food．

★ Teenagers shouldn’t eat food with too much salt． Salt can cause high blood pressure(高血压) in the future．

★Teenagers should eat food with less fat，oil，and sugar．

★Teenagers need to eat some fruits and vegetables every day: Fruits and vegetables arerich in vitamins(维生素 ) and have little fat．

★Teenagers need to drink more milk． Milk will help their bones grow．

★Teenagers need to eat breakfast every day． This is good for their body and mind．

( )21．"Junk food" contains(包含) a lot of ________．

A． milk and sugar

B． fruits and sugar

C． vegetables and salt

D． fat，oil，salt and sugar


正确答案：D
．21．D【解析】由第一段最后两句Most teenagers love food with a.lot of fat，oil，salt，and sugar. People of- ten call this kind of food“junk food".可知。

第7题：

【A popular service that has attercted the interest of companies and has home users alike is the sending of voice signals over an IP-based network, such as the Internet. The practice of making telephone calls over the internet has had a number of different names, including packet voice, voice over packet, voice over the internet, internet telephone, and Voice over Ip（Voip）. But it appears the industry has settled on the term”Voice ove IP” in reference to the internet protocol, which controls the transfer of data over the internet. There are currently three ways to deliver VoIp to users, the first technique is found at the corporate level. Many companies are offering VoIP systerms that operate over a local area network. These systems involve a fair amount of equipment, such as VoIP servers, special IP-enabled telephones, and routers that can direct telephone calls. Today a large portion of corporate sites have converted their older internal telephone systems to VoIP systems that opreate over a LAN, thus converging two systems into one. A second common solution is the one often encountered at home. Using existing telephones, a special converter is added between the telephone and a high speed internet（DSL or cable modem）connection. The converter digitizes the voice signal and creates a stream of packets that are then sent over an ip connection.The third technique involves smart cell phones. Never cell technologies are all packet-based, thus requiring a telephone call to be converted to digital packets and sending those packets over IP networks.】

From the paragraph above，a popular service that has attracetd the interest of companies and home users,is termed as （） . The data transfer over the Internet is controlled by the （） . At corporate level, many companies have replaced their older internal telephone systerms with （） that oprerate over a local area network.

A、voice over the internet B、voice over packet C、Voice over IP D、internet telephony A、packet B、internet protocol C、industry D、VoIp servers A、VoIP systems B、IP-enablde telephones C、VoIP servers D、routers


正确答案：C,B,A

第8题：

There has been fiercer competition in China’s smartphone market and companies have to lower their prices and offer other attractive incentives in order to appeal to customers.()

此题为判断题(对，错)。


参考答案：对

第9题：

共用题干
Step Back in Time
Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us?One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45.But now,she can live until at least 80.
One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better.We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need.We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again.And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily.
But in order that we don't slip back into bad habits,let's have a look at what life was 100 years ago
Families had between 15 and 20 children,although many babies didn't live long.from lots of diseases , especially rickets (佝偻病）and scurvy（坏血病）,which are bot diets.This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well.
Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up,bending over a piece of string,because there was no room for them to lie down.
People didn't have fridges until the 1920s.They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills（窗台板）,blocks of ice,or even burying it in the garden.
Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their pai lived 100 years ago,you might well be selling matchsticks（火柴杆）(a job done by many children）or working with your dad by now.

People in the past preferred standing up to lying down when sleeping.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

答案：B
解析：
文章第一段虽然提到现在女性的寿命要比一百年前长，但并没有提及一百年前女性是否比男性寿命要长，故选C。
文章第二段明确介绍了人们现在比过去长寿的原因，故选B。
文章第四段第一句说一百年前，许多孩子很小便夭折了，故选A。
文章第四段第二句话中“… rickets and scurvy , which are both caused by bad diets.”可知，佝偻病与坏血病都是由饮食不良引起的，故选A。
文章第五段提到，人们过去之所以站着睡觉是因为房子太小，没有躺下的空间，而非出于喜欢，故选B。
文章第六段只是说，直到20世纪20年代人们才有了冰箱可用，但并没有说明冰箱是谁发明的，故选C。
从文章第四段以及最后一段可以看出，一百年前，生活对于许多孩子来说都是十分不易的，故选A。

第10题：

Text 3 Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits，”said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,ColgatePalmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewed advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavitypreventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of faroff springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76 billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is_____

A.indifferent
B.negative
C.positive
D.biased

答案：B
解析：
态度题【命题思路】这是一道观点态度题，可以通过判断作者最阐述这件事情的时候所用到的形容词的感情色彩进行判断。【直击答案】文章最后一段第一句指出“there is power in trying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising”，作者用含贬义色彩的“ruthless”（残酷无情的）修饰“advertising”，表明广告对人们习惯的影响，作者的态度是否定的。另外，第二句中也出现具有贬义色彩的形容词“questionable”和“unhealthy”，从中也可以看出作者对广告持否定态度，因此正确选项为B项。【干扰排除】根据态度题的做题原则中的责任原则：不承担责任的词一般都是陪考词，如impassive,indifferent等，可以排除A项。根据肯定原则：凡是自我否定的词一般都不入选，如biased,confused,puzzled等，可以排除D项。C项“positive”出现在第六段“creating positive habits is…”，用来修饰“habits”，而并非题干中的advertisement，属于偷换概念。

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