问题：问答题What do you think of art education in the kindergartens?
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问题：问答题Practice 6 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: An increase in production of consumer goods results in damage of the natural environment, what are the causes and possible solutions? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.
问题：单选题According to the passage, “They don’t talk the same language” (Paragraph 1), can refer to problems in ______.A understanding metaphor.B learning foreign languages.C understanding dialect or style.D dealing with technological change.
问题：问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s-have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climates. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990), demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Complete the summary with the list of words A-N below. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries result not only from 1______ but also from infections caused by 2______. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 3______. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 4______ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their 5______ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 6______ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 7______ to commercial products.A. porridge H. storage lifeB. malnutrition I. sprouted grainsC. fermentation J. inadequate food intakeD. new technology K. acidityE. contaminated food L. unfermented foodF. diarrhoeal germs M. weaningG. traditional food N. dough
问题：问答题Practice 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people think that the detailed criminal description on newspaper and TV has bad influences, so this kind of information should be restricted on the media. To what extent do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题Passage 3Cleaning up the Thames A The River Thames, which was biologically “dead” as recently as the 1960s, is now the cleanest metropolitan river in the world, according to the Thames Water Company. The company says that thanks to major investment in better sewage treatment in London and the Thames Valley, the river that flows through the United Kingdom capital and the Thames Estuary into the North Sea is cleaner now than it has been for 130 years. The Fisheries Department, who are responsible for monitoring fish levels in the River Thames, has reported that the river has again become the home to 115 species of fish including sea bass, flounder, salmon, smelt, and shad. Recently, a porpoise was spotted cavorting in the river near central London. B But things were not always so rosy. In the 1950s, sewer outflows and industrial effluent had killed the river. It was starved of oxygen and could no longer support aquatic life. Until the early 1970s, if you fell into the Thames you would have had to be rushed to hospital to get your stomach pumped. A clean-up operation began in the 1960s. Several Parliamentary Committees and Royal Commissions were set up, and, over time, legislation has been introduced that put the onus on polluters-effluent-producing premises and businesses-to dispose of waste responsibly. In 1964 the Greater London Council (GLC) began work on greatly enlarged sewage works, which were completed in 1974. C The Thames clean up is not over though. It is still going on, and it involves many disparate arms of government and a wide range of non-government stakeholder groups, all representing a necessary aspect of the task. In London’s case, the urban and non-urban London boroughs that flank the river’s course each has its own reasons for keeping “their” river nice. And if their own reasons do not hold out a sufficiently attractive carrot, the government also wields a compelling stick. The 2,000 Local Government Act requires each local borough to “prepare a community strategy for promoting or improving the economic, social and environmental well-being of their area”. And if your area includes a stretch of river, that means a sustainable river development strategy. D Further legislation aimed at improving and sustaining the river’s viability has been proposed. There is now legislation that protects the River Thames, either specifically or as part of a general environmental clause, in the Local Government Act, the London Acts, and the law that created the post of the mayor of London. And these are only the tip of an iceberg that includes industrial, public health and environmental protection regulations. The result is a wide range of bodies officially charged, in one way or another, with maintaining the Thames as a public amenity. For example, Transport for London—the agency responsible for transport in the capital—plays a role in regulating river use and river users. They now are responsible for controlling the effluents and rubbish coming from craft using the Thames. This is done by officers on official vessels regularly inspect fling craft and doing spot checks. Another example is how Thames Water (TW) has now been charged to reduce the amount of litter that finds its way into the tidal river and its tributaries. TW’s environment and quality manager, Dr. Peter Spillett, said: “This project will build on our investment which has dramatically improved the water quality of the river. London should not be spoiled by litter which belongs in the bin not the river.” Thousands of tons of rubbish end up in the river each year, from badly stored waste, people throwing litter off boats, and rubbish in the street being blown or washed into the river. Once litter hits the water it becomes too heavy to be blown away again and therefore the rivers act as a sink in the system. While the Port of London already collects up to 3,000 tons of solid waste from the tideway every year, Thames Water now plans to introduce a new device to capture more rubbish floating down the river. It consists of a huge cage that sits in the flow of water and gathers the passing rubbish. Moored just offshore in front of the Royal Naval College at Greenwich, south-east London, the device is expected to capture up to 20 tons of floating litter each year. If washed out to sea, this rubbish can kill marine mammals, fish and birds. This machine, known as the Rubbish Muncher, is hoped to be the first of many, as the TW is now looking for sponsors to pay for more cages elsewhere along the Thames. E Monitoring of the cleanliness of the River Thames in the past was the responsibility of a welter of agencies-British Waterways, Port of London Authority, the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety Commission, Thames Water—as well as academic departments and national and local environment groups. If something was not right, someone was bound to call foul and hold somebody to account, whether it was the local authority, an individual polluter or any of the many public and private sector bodies that bore a share of the responsibility for maintaining the River Thames as a public amenity. Although they will all still have their part to play, there is now a central department in the Environment Agency, which has the remit of monitoring the Thames. This centralization of accountability will, it is hoped, lead to more efficient control and enforcement. Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. The Thames is now cleaner than it was in 1900. 2. Swimming in the Thames now poses no health hazards. 3. It is now mainly the responsibility of those who pollute the Thames to clean their waste up. 4. All local London boroughs are now partly responsible for keeping the Thames clean. 5. Transport for London now employs a type of River Police to enforce control of their regulations. 6. Rubbish Munchers are now situated at various locations on the Thames. 7. Previously no one department had overall responsibility or control for monitoring the cleanliness of the Thames. 8. British Waterways will no longer have any part in keeping the Thames clean.
问题：问答题Practice 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. However, others believe that higher education helps people find jobs. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题Practice 5 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: It has been suggested that everyone in the world want to own a car, a TV and a fridge. Do you think disadvantages of such a development outweigh the advantages? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题What are the benefits of working alone?
问题：问答题Practice 4 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: As global trade increases, many goods, even some daily goods, are exported to another country, which includes long-distance transport during shipping. Do you think its benefits outweigh its drawbacks? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题【参考范例五】Color What colour do you like? Why?
问题：问答题PART 3Discussion topics: Old people How do modern people view the idea of growing old?
问题：问答题Which is easier, political cooperation or scientific cooperation?
问题：问答题Practice 4 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think that financial support from governments should only be provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题Practice 3 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources (such as the Internet and television). To what extent do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题Practice 3 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas, are used in many countries. But in some countries, the use of alternative sources of energy, including wind and solar power, are encouraged. Is this trend a positive or a negative development? You should write at least 250 words.
问题：问答题Passage 1The Research on Self-esteem A Self-esteem is generally considered the evaluative component of the self-concept, a broader representation of the self that includes cognitive and behavioral aspects as well as evaluative or affective ones. While the construct is most often used to refer to a global sense of self-worth, narrower concepts such as self-confidence or body-esteem are used to imply a sense of self-esteem in more specific domains. It is also widely assumed that self-esteem functions as a trait, that is, it is stable across time within individuals. B Self-esteem is an extremely popular construct within psychology, and has been related to virtually every other psychological concept or domain, including personality (e.g., shyness), behavioral (e.g., task performance), cognitive (e.g., attributional bias), and clinical concepts (e.g., anxiety and depression). While some researchers have been particularly concerned with understanding the nuances of the self-esteem construct, others have focused on the adaptive and self-protective functions of self-esteem. Self-esteem has been related both to socioeconomic status and to various aspects of health and health-related behaviors, as has a related construct, self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, a term associated with the work of Bandera, refers to an individual’s sense of competence or ability in general or in particular domains. C Low self-esteem is the universal common denominator literally among all people suffering from addictions to any and all mind altering substances such as alcohol—not genes. In the book Alcoholism: A False Stigma: Low Self-Esteem the True Disease (1996), Candito reports, “Those who have identified themselves as ‘recovered alcoholics’ indicate that low self-esteem is the most significant problem in their lives. Low self-esteem is the true problem and the true disease. Alcohol is but a symptom of an alcoholic’s disease.” Studies have found that 18-year olds who used drugs frequently were using them as early as age seven, already more psychologically troubled than their peers. They were already anxious and unhappy, alienated from their family and peers, and overly impulsive. Low self-esteem, lack of conformity, poor academic achievement and poor parental-child relationships are also indicators of young children likely to end up using drugs. D Candito comes to the conclusion that low self-esteem is the underlying origin f all problematic behaviors, and the true disease that plagues the world, resulting in alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and all other obsessive behaviors including criminal behavior. This conclusion is also shared by Andrew Keegan (1987) who maintains that low self-esteem either causes or contributes to neurosis, anxiety, defensiveness, and ultimately alcohol and drug abuse. The reason why some become alcoholic while others do not is dependent upon their ability to contend with low self-esteem. E However, many of the positive outcomes attributed to high self-esteem are not substantiated by research, according to Brown psychologist Krueger. Krueger, associate professor of psychology and faculty member from three other universities, formed that conclusion after reviewing more than two decades of objective research studies on self-esteem at the invitation of the American Psychological Society. Their report appears in this month’s issue of Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a supplement to Psychological Science. “Across most measures-school and job performance, violence and crime, and health-there were few consistent links between the level of self-esteem and the quality of outcomes,” said Krueger. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs or engaging in early sex, the task force reported. If anything, high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking. The exception was a connection between high self-esteem and reduced chances of the eating disorder bulimia in females. In adults, according to the task force, occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. And neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence. F In fact, pleasant feelings and enhanced initiative were the two benefits of high self-esteem found by the task force. High self-esteem has a strong relationship to happiness and low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Those with high self-esteem were also found to exhibit more persistence at tasks. Yet the task force also noted that there are basically two types of high self-esteem—that which is realistic, and that which is out of touch with reality. People who fall into the former category accept their good qualities. Those in the latter are characterised as narcissistic, defensive or conceited individuals. In some studies, narcissism led to some negative qualities such as increased aggression in retaliation for wounded pride. G The self-esteem movement began in California during the 1980s with the idea that many of society’s problems were related to low self-esteem. The California legislature financed a task force to increase self-esteem in an effort to reduce welfare dependency, unwanted pregnancy, school failure, crime, drug addiction and other problems, with the goal of saving taxpayer dollars, according to the task force. Since then, there has been a nationwide proliferation of techniques to raise self-esteem—particularly in schools—and a proliferation of books marketed to people helping themselves. Yet, “after a quarter of a century of research, the high hopes of the self-esteem movement have not been realized, and customers of the self-help industry should not look to heightened self-esteem as a panacea,” said Krueger. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. Researchers focused their studies on varied aspects of self-esteem. 2. Some researchers related problematic drink behaviors to self-esteem. 3. The reason of violence seems not related to the quality of self-esteem. 4. Andrew Keegan agreed that low self-esteem is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors. 5. Many inventions of methods are stimulated to increase the self-esteem.
问题：问答题Do you often go to art galleries?
问题：问答题Passage 2 A A new type of tourism, coined “ecotourism”, has recently emerged and is quickly gaining in popularity as a leisure activity. Ecotourism, a type of “getting-back-to-nature” excursion, brings people into environmentally sensitive areas to view exotic and, more often, endangered plants and animals. Proponents of this type of travel such as John Whiteman, a partner in a tourism and community development consulting firm, and Stefan Gossling from the Human Ecology Division of Lund University, view ecotourism as not only beneficial but essential to both the environment and economies of these often-depressed regions. Through such an ecological experience the traveler is supposedly changed or “spiritually renewed”, and gains a new-found respect and sensitivity for nature. This, in turn, is expected to promote more environmentally responsible decisions in daily life. Whiteman states, “While there, tourists enjoy a sense of spiritual renewal. And they leave behind an intact ecosystem and increased wealth for the local community”. Furthermore, the governments and citizens of the areas in question are, presumably, encouraged to take steps to preserve these tourist sights in order to continue to reap the benefits of the tourist dollar. B Unfortunately, when popular sites of ecotourism such as Uganda and the Galapagos Islands are carefully examined, it becomes apparent that ecotourism does not provide the benefits so readily claimed by its proponents. The economies of these regions see little benefit. The local people remain impoverished, and offer no protection to the environment: in fact, they are often angered enough to lash out against these fragile ecosystems. The environment is harmed directly by the physical presence of tourists; it is simply not possible to bring people into an area where few humans would otherwise exist without altering or harming the very environment which we seek to preserve. From ostensibly small effects such as crushing plant life underfoot and soil erosion, to larger effects such as altered animal behavior, it is highly probable that the ecological footprint left by tourists will not go unnoticed. As Heather Lindsay observes in Ecotourism: The Promise and Perils of Environmentally-Oriented Travel, “even harmless-sounding activity like a nature hike can be destructive, as hikers can contribute to soil erosion and damage plant roots”. Upon examination, the ecological dangers of ecotourism are readily apparent. C In both Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and the Galapagos Islands, altered animal behavior is a significant concern. Studies have shown that, when in the presence of tourists, animals abandon their nesting and feeding sites. Perhaps worse, when animals become accustomed to the presence of tourists, they lose the instinct to flee thus leaving them vulnerable to poachers. In BINP, habituation of the gorillas is fundamental to ecotourism so that they may be safely observed by tourists. Unfortunately, this purposeful habituation may have led to the gorillas losing the instinct to flee from poachers or soldiers. In looking at this problem, Hamilton tells us that “initial indications are not encouraging”. What then, will become of these animals if they lose the instinct to flee from danger in their environment? Surely the outlook is not promising. Losing their survival skills places these animals at risk for extinction. D In the Galapagos, habituation of the wildlife is not intended; however, it has been noted that, “Scientists began noticing behavioral changes in the animals such as iguanas waiting for tourists to give them bananas”. It has also been observed that the normally docile male sea lions of the Galapagos have recently become more aggressive. In her work, Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Martha Honey states that, at present, it is unclear if this aggression can be attributed to an increase in tourism or an increase in sea lion population. Some scientists believe that the impact of tourism on other mammals and birds is minimal but that the system is becoming weak in particular areas. It is important to note that a particular area of the Galapagos is now closed because turtle nests and vegetation were so badly trampled by tourists that these species were threatened with imminent extinction. E Beyond the issues of altered animal behavior and trampled vegetation is the problem of newly introduced organisms to these visited ecosystems. When tourists arrive, they present the threat that they carry with them, on their person or in their mode of transportation, bacteria, disease, animals and insects foreign to the environment. This is one of the biggest issues the Galapagos Islands are currently facing. Honey states, “At the top of the agenda of many scientists and park officials is tracking and eliminating the introduced species plants, animals, insects, fungi, bacteria that are brought in by boat or plane by tourists, new immigrants, and illegal fishing operations”. The problem with this is that many of these foreign organisms are capable of “out-competing” the unique indigenous species of the Galapagos. Since the native species of the Galapagos evolved without the threat of such organisms, they may be driven to extinction, leaving the ecosystem irreparably changed. For example, black rats introduced to Pinzon Island kill tortoises as they hatch. Pigs on Santiago Island eat the eggs of sea turtles, thereby reducing their survival rate from eighty percent to a mere three percent while introduced aphids are killing native plants. In a related article by Martha Honey and Ann Littlejohn, Paying “the Price of Ecotourism, Tom Fritts, a biologist with the National Biological Survey, calls this “a critical time” for the ecosystems of the Galapagos Islands, and speaks of its current state as being pushed “towards the brink of disaster”. The stakes are high. Ecosystems are forever changed by the consequences of tourism. Fritts tells us that we are dangerously near the “precipice of irretrievable damage”. Simply, certain damages cannot be undone. There is no remedy for extinction. F Adams and Whiteman argue that the revenue from ecotourism is no less than essential to the survival of these protected areas since money is needed for maintenance and protection and to encourage locals and their governments to take an interest in conservation. However, economic benefits for local communities are not what they should be, and this often fosters a sense of ill will, encouraging such things as poaching and violent acts against the ecosystem. Moreover, it seems to be a paradoxical issue, because if the environment is destroyed, what has been accomplished by ecotourism? Guidelines for successful ecotourism are offered by many proponents and critics alike, yet these guidelines lack a reasonable ecological position when applied to such sensitive areas as the Galapagos and the BINP. There is no compromise possible where such fragile environments and unique species are concerned. Guidelines cannot render our presence harmless nor can they let us off the hook for the ensuing damage. Look at the following statements (Questions 1-8) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct people, A-F. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. The native plants are confronting threats from foreign organisms resulting from ecotourism. 2. The states should play a role in keeping the sights so as to satisfy the demand of ecotourism. 3. It is easy to find that ecotourism is harmful for the soil and plants. 4. Sufficient funds are necessary to stimulate local government to conserve ecotourism sight. 5. The initial problem for some scientists is to remove introduced species brought by alien visitors. 6. Animals are deprived of their nature. 7. It is lack of evidence to prove that tourism improvement brings about changes of animals temper. 8. We are about to be in a danger of damage from ecotourism. A. Heather Lindsay B. Hamilton C. Tom Fritts D. Adams and Whiteman E. John Whiteman F. Martha Honey
问题：问答题Practice 7 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Most countries want to improve standard of living through economic development; however, others think social value is lost as a result. Do you think the advantages of economic development outweigh the disadvantages? You should write at least 250 words.
