名词解释题niche

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niche

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第1题：

(b) Good Sports Limited has successfully followed a niche strategy to date.

Assess the extent to which an appropriate e-business strategy could help support such a niche strategy.

(8 marks)

正确答案：
(b) Good Sports has pursued a conscious niche or focus differentiation strategy, seeking to serve a local market in a way that
isolates it from the competition of the large national sports good retailers competing on the basis of supplying famous brands
at highly competitive prices. Does it make strategic sense for Good Sports to make the heavy investment necessary to supply
goods online? Will this enhance its ability to supply their chosen market?
In terms of price, e-business is bringing much greater price transparency – the problem for companies like Good Sports is
that customers may use their expertise to research into a particular type and brand of sports equipment and then simply
search the Internet for the cheapest supply. Porter in an article examining the impact of the Internet argues that rather than
making strategy obsolete it has in fact made it more important. The Internet has tended to weaken industry profitability and
made it more difficult to hold onto operational advantages. Choosing which customers you serve and how are even more
critical decisions.
However the personal advice and performance side of the business could be linked to new ways of promoting the product
and communicating with the customer. The development of customer communities referred to above could be a real way of
increasing customer loyalty. The partners are anxious to avoid head-on competition with the national retailers. One way of
increasing the size and strength of the niche they occupy is to use the Internet as a means of targeting their particular
customers and providing insights into the use and performance of certain types of equipment by local clubs and users. There
is considerable scope for innovation that enhances the service offered to their customers. As always there is a need to balance
the costs and benefits of time spent. The Internet can provide a relatively cost effective way of providing greater service to
their customers. There is little in the scenario to suggest they have reached saturation point in their chosen niche market.
Overall there is a need for Good Sports to decide what and where its market is and how this can be improved by the use ofe-business.

第2题：

Prior to the UML, there was no clearleading(66)Ianguage. Users had to choose from among many similar modeling languages with minor differences in overall(67)power. Most of the modeling languages shared a set of commonly accepted concepts that are expressed slightly differently in various languages. This lack of(68)discouraged new users from entering the OO market and from doing OO modeling, without greatly expanding the power of modeling. Users longed for the industry to adopt one, or a very few, broadly supported modeling languages suitable for(69)usage.

Some Vendors were discouraged from entering the OO modeling area because of the need to support many similar, but slightly different, modeling languages. In particular, the supply of add-on tools has been depressed because small vendors cannot afford to support many different formats from many differem(70)modeling tools. It is important to the entire OO industry to encourage broadly based tools and vendors, as well as niche products that cater to the needs of specialized groups.

A．programming

B．modeling

C．formal

D．intelligent

正确答案：B
解析：在UML出来之前，没有一个主流建模语言。用户必须在很多类似的，在整个表达能力上区别不大的建模语言中进行选择。大多数建模语言共享了一组被大众接受的概念，这些概念在不同的语言中只有细微的区别。这种缺乏一致性的现象，阻止了新的用户进入OO领域和进行OO建模，从而无法发挥建模的威力。用户渴望采用一个(或不多的几个)受广大支持的建模语言，适合于通用用途。因为要支持很多类似的，但有细小区别的建模语言，所以一些开发商不愿意进入OO建模领域。特别是add-on工具的供应在萎缩，因为小开发商负担不起支持很多的来自不同的前端建模语言的不同格式。广泛鼓励底层工具和开发商，以及能满足特殊群体需要的小批量产品，对进入OO工业是非常重要的。

第3题：

●Prior to the UML，there was no clearleading (66) language.Users had to choose from among many similar modeling languages with minor differences in overall (67) power.Most of the modeling languages shared a set of commonly accepted concepts that are expressed slightly differently in various languages.This lack of (68) discouraged new users from entering the OO market and from doing OO modeling，without greatly expanding the power of modeling.Users longed for the industry to adopt one，or a very few，broadly supported modelinglanguages suitable for (69) usage.

Some Vendors were discouraged from entering the OO modeling area because of the need to support many similar，but slightly different，modeling languages.In particular，the supply of add-ontools has been depressed because small vendors cannot afford to support many different formatsfrom many different (70) modeling tools.It is important to the entire OOindustry to encourage broadly based tools and vendors，as well as niche products that cater to the needs of specialized groups.

(66) A．programming

B．modeling

C．formal

D．intelligent

(67) A．control

B．expressive

C．conductive

D．interactive

(68) A．agreement

B．understanding

C．characteristic

D．diversitv

(69) A．distincitive

B．special-purpose

C．separate

D．general-purpose

(70) A．internal

B．external

C．front-end

D．back-end

正确答案：B,B,A,D,C

【解析】在UML出来之前，没有一个主流建模语言。用户必须在很多类似的，在整个表达能力上区别不大的建模语言中进行选择。大多数建模语言共享了一组被大众接受的概念，这些概念在不同的语言中只有细微的区别。这种缺乏一致性的现象，阻止了新的用户进入OO领域和进行OO建模，从而无法发挥建模的威力。用户渴望采用一个(或不多的几个)受广大支持的建模语言，适合于通用用途。
因为要支持很多类似的，但有细小区别的建模语言，所以一些开发商不愿意进入OO建模领域。特别是add-on工具的供应在萎缩，因为小开发商负担不起支持很多的来自不同的前端建模语言的不同格式。广泛鼓励底层工具和开发商，以及能满足特殊群体需要的小批量产品，对进入OO工业是非常重要的。

第4题：

The elegant f 20m extension of Tate St Ives,a gallery that was overwhelmed by its own success when it opened in 1993,has won the&100,000 museum of the year award,the most lucrative museum prize in the world The artist Melanie Manchot,one of the judges,said it had been"a profound experience"to visit after the work,which she believes has transformed the gallery As soon as I walked into Tate St Ives I had an amazingly strong feeling that they're doing some thing innovative.Ive visited before,but now the whole building,the galleries,the views,all feel different-they have been given a new lease of life.The extension has not so much been an addition as a complete reimagining The St Ives gallery beat a strong shortlist,including the Ferens Art Gallery in Hull which was completely refurbished in time for Hull's term in 2017 as city of culture The other contenders were the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge,where the finishing straight of the world's first purpose-built motor-racing circuit was restored the Glasgow Womens Library-the only one in the UK dedicated to womens history-which has grown over 25 years from a shopfront with no funding to an award-winning resource in a listed building;and the Postal Museum in London,once a niche archive with 3,000 visitors a year,but now a purpose-built museum with a spectacular attraction in Mail Rail,the restored train that once carried post far below the capital's streets Tate St Ives reopened in October 2017.Visitors surged back in,and there were 11,000 visitors over the opening weekend alone.The project involve refurbishing the orginal galleries,and adding an extension by Jamie Fobert Architects and the environmental engineering company Max Fordham.The original museum opened in a town that had been famous for its artists,including Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson.It was built on a spectacular but tight site,designed by the architectural practice Evans&Shalev directly overlooking the beach on the footprint of an old gasworks.In its first six months,there were 120,000 visitors;the gallery had planned for 50,000 visitors a year.Tate St Ives has since averaged 240,000 visitors annually swamping the gallery spaces,overwhelming the shop and other visitor facilities,and causing queues down the stairs for the rooftop cafe.The whole gallery had to be closed every time a new exhibition was hung The original proposal to extend produced a rash of"Stop the Tate"posters in windows throughout he town,and protests about everything from property prices being driven up by arty incomers to the loss of parking spaces After extensive public consultation,the architects'eventual solution was to double the gallery space by excavating into the hillside behind the original building--which drove up the cost to f 20m from the original estimate of 12m.
Which of the following is true about other contenders for the UK's Museum of the Year Award?

A.Brooklands Museum restores and preserves the bridge of motor racing
B.Glasgow Womens Library was previously only accessible to women
C.Postal Museum has grown from a small archive to a large mail rail museum
D.Postal Museum is dedicated to the preservation of restored trains and mails

答案：C

解析：

细节题。根据题干关键词other contenders和UKs Museum of the Year Award可以定位到第五段中作者提到了三个竞争者，分别是布鲁克兰博物馆、格拉斯哥妇女图书馆、伦敦的邮政博物馆

第5题：

Prior to the UML, there was no clear leading(111)language. Users had to choose from among many similar modeling languages with minor differences in overall(112)power. Most of the modeling languages shared a set of commonly accepted concepts that are expressed slightly differently in various languages. This lack of(113)discouraged new users from entering the OO market and from doing OO modeling, without greatly expanding the power of modeling. Users longed for the industry to adopt one, or a very few, broadly supported modeling languages suitable for(114)usage.Some vendors were discouraged from entering the OO modeling area because of the need to support many similar, but slightly different, modeling languages. In particular, the supply of add-on tools has been depressed because small vendors cannot afford to support many different formats from many different(115) modeling tools. It is important to the entire O0 industry to encourage broadly based tools and vendors, as well as niche products that cater to the needs of specialized groups.

A．programming

B．modeling

C．formal

D．intelligent

正确答案：B

第6题：

30年前哪位科学家首次将niche引用为供养干细胞的微环境()。

A、Schofield

B、CharlesSutherlandElton

C、JosephGrinnell

D、Rigotti

答案：A

第7题：

NICHE研究探索双免疫联合新辅助治疗,对有效性结果描述错误的是()

A.pMMR患者均有极为明显退缩

B.dMMR患者均有极为明显退缩

C.4例II期dMMR患者达到pCR

D.3例III期dMMR患者肿瘤残留仅为1-2%

E.pMMR患者退缩不明显

答案：A

第8题：

2 Good Sports Limited is an independent sports goods retailer owned and operated by two partners, Alan and Bob. The

sports retailing business in the UK has undergone a major change over the past ten years. First of all the supply side

has been transformed by the emergence of a few global manufacturers of the core sports products, such as training

shoes and football shirts. This consolidation has made them increasingly unwilling to provide good service to the

independent sportswear retailers too small to buy in sufficiently large quantities. These independent retailers can stock

popular global brands, but have to order using the Internet and have no opportunity to meet the manufacturer’s sales

representatives. Secondly, UK’s sportswear retailing has undergone significant structural change with the rapid growth

of a small number of national retail chains with the buying power to offset the power of the global manufacturers.

These retail chains stock a limited range of high volume branded products and charge low prices the independent

retailer cannot hope to match.

Good Sports has survived by becoming a specialist niche retailer catering for less popular sports such as cricket,

hockey and rugby. They are able to offer the specialist advice and stock the goods that their customers want.

Increasingly since 2000 Good Sports has become aware of the growing impact of e-business in general and e-retailing

in particular. They employed a specialist website designer and created an online purchasing facility for their

customers. The results were less than impressive, with the Internet search engines not picking up the company

website. The seasonal nature of Good Sports’ business, together with the variations in sizes and colours needed to

meet an individual customer’s needs, meant that the sales volumes were insufficient to justify the costs of running

the site.

Bob, however, is convinced that developing an e-business strategy suited to the needs of the independent sports

retailer such as Good Sports will be key to business survival. He has been encouraged by the growing interest of

customers in other countries to the service and product range they offer. He is also aware of the need to integrate an

e-business strategy with their current marketing, which to date has been limited to the sponsorship of local sports

teams and advertisements taken in specialist sports magazines. Above all, he wants to avoid head-on competition

with the national retailers and their emphasis on popular branded sportswear sold at retail prices that are below the

cost price at which Good Sports can buy the goods.

Required:

(a) Provide the partners with a short report on the advantages and disadvantages to Good Sports of developing

an e-business strategy and the processes most likely to be affected by such a strategy. (12 marks)

正确答案：
(a) To: Good Sports Limited
From:
E – Business strategy
Clearly, the markets that Good Sports operates in are being affected by the development of e-business and its experiences to
date are mixed to say the least. In many ways the advantages and disadvantages of e-business are best related to the benefit
the customer gets from the activity. Firstly, through integrating and accelerating business processes e-business technologies
enable response and delivery times to be speeded up. Secondly, there are new business opportunities for information-based
products and services. Thirdly, websites can be linked with customer databases and provide much greater insights into
customer buying behaviour and needs. Fourthly, there is far greater ability for interaction with the customer, which enables
customisation and a dialogue to be developed. Finally, customers may themselves form. communities able to contact one
another.
There is considerable evidence to show how small operators like Good Sports are able to base their whole strategy on
e-business and achieve high rates of growth. The key to Good Sports survival is customer service – in strategic terms they
are very much niche marketers supplying specialist service and advice to a small section of the local market. The nature of
the business means that face-to-face contact is crucial in moving customers from awareness to action (AIDA – awareness,interest, desire and action). There are therefore limits to the ability of e-business to replace such contact.
Yours,

第9题：

The elegant f 20m extension of Tate St Ives,a gallery that was overwhelmed by its own success when it opened in 1993,has won the&100,000 museum of the year award,the most lucrative museum prize in the world The artist Melanie Manchot,one of the judges,said it had been"a profound experience"to visit after the work,which she believes has transformed the gallery As soon as I walked into Tate St Ives I had an amazingly strong feeling that they're doing some thing innovative.Ive visited before,but now the whole building,the galleries,the views,all feel different-they have been given a new lease of life.The extension has not so much been an addition as a complete reimagining The St Ives gallery beat a strong shortlist,including the Ferens Art Gallery in Hull which was completely refurbished in time for Hull's term in 2017 as city of culture The other contenders were the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge,where the finishing straight of the world's first purpose-built motor-racing circuit was restored the Glasgow Womens Library-the only one in the UK dedicated to womens history-which has grown over 25 years from a shopfront with no funding to an award-winning resource in a listed building;and the Postal Museum in London,once a niche archive with 3,000 visitors a year,but now a purpose-built museum with a spectacular attraction in Mail Rail,the restored train that once carried post far below the capital's streets Tate St Ives reopened in October 2017.Visitors surged back in,and there were 11,000 visitors over the opening weekend alone.The project involve refurbishing the orginal galleries,and adding an extension by Jamie Fobert Architects and the environmental engineering company Max Fordham.The original museum opened in a town that had been famous for its artists,including Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson.It was built on a spectacular but tight site,designed by the architectural practice Evans&Shalev directly overlooking the beach on the footprint of an old gasworks.In its first six months,there were 120,000 visitors;the gallery had planned for 50,000 visitors a year.Tate St Ives has since averaged 240,000 visitors annually swamping the gallery spaces,overwhelming the shop and other visitor facilities,and causing queues down the stairs for the rooftop cafe.The whole gallery had to be closed every time a new exhibition was hung The original proposal to extend produced a rash of"Stop the Tate"posters in windows throughout he town,and protests about everything from property prices being driven up by arty incomers to the loss of parking spaces After extensive public consultation,the architects'eventual solution was to double the gallery space by excavating into the hillside behind the original building--which drove up the cost to f 20m from the original estimate of 12m.
What is the final solution about the extension of Tate St Ives?

A.The opponents compromised and the extension was done as planned
B.The architects redesigned the gallery extension and reduced its cost
C.The architects reduced its cost by excavating it into the hillside
D.It was built into the hillside based on the response from the public

答案：D

解析：

细节题。根据题于final solution可以定位到最后一段。

第10题：

For years,if not decades.banks,post office and pubs have been disappearing on the British high street.Still,the scale and pace of the current crop of casualties seems exceptional,as well as the shortage of replacement activities.Where once the ex-banks could be readily converted into pubs,and a variety of often innovative bars and restaurants promised to breathe life into streets abandoned by traditional shops.now even those hopeful trends have been reversed.The various companies have widely varied reasons for their problems,yet together they symbolise the crisis on the high street.And the word"crisis"is justified.There are common,ancl familiar,problems.The squeeze on household incomes,with near-stagnant wage levels and bouts of relatively high inflation,has lasted since the financial crisis began a decade ago.Even with the British shopper's ingenious way of defying financial logic,and clespite the Bank of Englancl's attempts to put cheap money into borrowers'pockets.sooner or later there was bound to be a correction.While the money flowing into the high street has hardly risen.the supply of everything from cupcake stands to sandwich outlels has been expanding.pushing rents and wages higher.Huge retail developments are sLill looked on by desperate development agencies and local councils as the quick fix for any clevastated post-industrial landscape.Once again,sooner or later this vast overcapacity was going to run into the reality of weak demand.No matter how smart the store or niche the outlet,whcn overheads aren't being covered by healthy sales,the future is bleak.Overarching all of that,however,is the digital revolution,with giants such as Amazon invading new retail sectors.Less well advertised is the simple trend among the British towards entertaining and making the most of their leisure time in their very expensive homes.Why go to a public house or a restaurant when your private house is just as entertaining and where virtually any pastime or product can be transmitted via satellite,web or cable technology,and a cheap takeaway delivery and a bottle of wine are just a couple of clicks away?Britain famously was once disparaged as"nation of shopkeepers",small-minded merchants with narrow cultural and political horizons.Then the British became notorious as a"nation of shoppers",small-minded consumers with narrow cultural and political horizons,as well as an almost reckless taste for debt and disregard for saving for the future.Now the British are becoming a nation of home-lovers,with pizzas arriving by moped and with a wireless hub for cosy nights in.For the sake of the high street,we need to get out more:either that,or local councils need to think hard about allowing more shops to be converted into flats.Then the British could become a nation of ex-shop dwellers,even if their cultural and political horizons remain as narrow as ever.
According to Paragraph'l,what has happened to the British high street?

A.Lots of banks have been converted to pubs.
B.Innovative shops are replacing traditional ones.
C.Some public services have losi their value,
D.Retail and leisure are dying unprecedentedly.

答案：D

解析：

开篇首先指出近年状况——英国高街的银行、邮局和酒吧等逐渐消失，继而指出现今形势一一消失速度和规模非比寻常，后对此做出进一步说明。可见高街的零售和休闲场所正经历着史无前例的消亡’D.中Reiail and Ieisure是对文中的banks，post office and pubs、bars and restaurants等的概括．dy:ng unprecedentedly对应文中的disappearing、casualties.…exceptional。[解题技巧]A.源自③句.…once ex-banks could be readily converLed into pubs，但此处意在指出“以往改建的方便可行性”，与当前现象无关。B.根据③句中碎片信息innovative和traditional shops臆断而来，但此处为更早之前的现象（高街已被传统商店所抛弃），且不涉及创新型商店信息，其次选项体现的“良好势头”与文意“创新型酒吧和饭店曾有望使高街复兴，现在这种趋势也无望了”相反。C.将首句主体“高街的银行、邮局和酒吧”窜改为“公共服务”，并将其消失原因杜撰为“丧失了价值”。

niche

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