共用题干
Spare a Kidney?
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one,but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend,a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons.First,it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney.(The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly.But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision,and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you do something,however,it doesn't mean you should.Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk.You could argue that you may be helping to save a life,but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So,what are the risks?“As with any major operation,there is a chance of dying,of reoperation due to bleeding,of infection,of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision,”
says Dr.Arthur Matas,director of the renal-transplant program at the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis.Even laparoscopy,a relatively new technique for kidney
donation,is not risk-free.Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made;selling an organ is illegal.But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare.Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability,it never hurts to have an independent opinion.The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone,not even a close relative,pressure you into giving up an organno matter if you're healthy.“There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend,father, mother if you don't do this,” says Arthus Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's center for Bioethics.Certain transplant centers will invent a“medical prob- lem”on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
From 1994 to 1998 the number of Americans who had donated a kidney reached 244.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
答案：B
解析：
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“从1994年到1998年，在美国捐献肾脏的人数已经达到了244 人”。借助题干中的细节信息from 1994 to 1998,244, the number of Americans作为定位线 索，这样在第一段找到相关句：It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kid-ney to a loved one,but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend,a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998，相关句提到“捐赠肾脏的人数在1994年是68人，而到了1998年就增加到了176人”，与题干中说的 “从1994年到1998年捐赠肾脏的人数达到了244人”不一致。
题干意为“捐献肾脏的人数上升的一个原因是人有一个肾脏比有两个肾脏更好”。依据常识判断该句的说法不合理，所以推断该题答案可能为B。利用题干中细节信息 词/短语：easons, the number of kidney donors, two作为定位线索，题干中出现了充当表语的 形容词短语，也关注该短语在短文中的出现情况（提示：题干中如果出现了修饰性的形容词/形容词短语，副词/副词短语，则需要关注这些词/短语在短文中的出现情况。出题人常常在 这样的词/短语上设置陷阱。）在短文中找到相关句：You could argue that you may be helping to save a life,but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two．该句提到“你不能假称有一只肾脏比有两只肾脏更好”，显然该句的说法与题干的意义不一致。
题干意为“你不必死后再捐献肾脏，但是你在捐献肾脏之前最好知道捐肾的风险”。利用题干中的细节信息词risks作为定位线索词，在短文中找到相关句：Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk…So,what are the risks?Even laparoscopy,a relatively new technique for kidney donation,is not risk-free.Doctors esti-mate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000．带下划线的句子意为：捐献肾脏意味着接受有一定风险的手术，那么风险是什么呢？ 医生估计死于肾脏移植手术的风险是3/10000，该句说明捐献肾脏是有风险的，这与题干意义一致：因为捐献肾脏有风险，因此在捐献之前首先应该知道捐献肾脏的风险。
题干意为“在美国从1994年到1998年没有捐肾者死于肾脏捐献”。借助题干中的细节信息词/短语none of the Americans, from 1994 to 1998, procedure作为定位线索词，结果发现文章中涉及到from 1994 to 1998的句子中并没有具体提到有多少人死于捐献手 术，因此无法依据短文信息判断到底有多少人死于肾脏捐献，因此题干陈述的信息为短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“在美国没有人卖器官，因为买卖器官是非法的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语organs和U.S．作为定位线索，这样在第5段找到了相关句：There's no money to be made; selling an organ is illegal．该句意为“卖器官是非法”，但并没有提到在美国有没有人卖器官。短文其他的语句也没有提到在美国有没有人卖器官，因此是否在美国没有人买卖器官是短文中未提及的信息（提示：题干所含有的信息中只要有一部分是短文未提及的信息，则可判断该题干所陈述的信息为短文中未提及的信息），由此可判断题干陈述的信息为短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“患有心脏病，糖尿病和高血压的人不适合捐献肾脏”。利用题干 中的细节信息词/短语people, heart disease, diabetes, high pressure kidney donation作为定位线索词，在第6段中找到相关句：The most common contraindications（禁忌征候）are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure，该句意为“（肾脏移植）最常见的禁忌症是心脏病，糖尿病和高血压”，很明显，该句的意义与题干法一致。
题干意为“某些移植中心编造医学问题来欺骗潜在的肾脏捐赠者”。利用题 干中的名词短语certain transplant centers , medical problems , potential kidney donors．作为 定位线索词，短文最后一句中就是相关句：certain transplant centers will invent a “medical problem”on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no．该句提到 “编造‘医学问题’的原因是为了替那些不愿捐赠的人保住面子”而不是问题句中所说的“欺骗可能进行肾脏捐赠的人”，因此题干陈述的意义与短文内容不一致，因此题干提供了错误信息。
