第6题:
问答题
Expressionism Expressionism is an art movement that produced a wealth of wonderful works of art, and the lives of the artists who created them were no less colorful and exciting. The word expressionism can be used to describe art from different times and places, most of them were part of a movement that took place in Germany from 1905 to 1920. They shared some of the beliefs. Those beliefs were that art should try to change society, to make it less conservative. It should express the energy of nature—following in the footsteps of Vincent van Gogh—-and personal feeling rather than simply representing nature. It should feel uncomfortable, which means it should challenge the traditional ways of looking at the world. This differed from the opinion of Henri Matisse who believed that art should be comfortable. Expressionist art should be inspired by folk art, and the art of what were then called primitive people, for example from Africa. The aim of the Expressionists was to express personal feeling about what they were painting rather than representing it exactly as it was. It should have strong colors and shapes, be relatively direct, untutored and unplanned and should still contain recognizable things, but not be realistic. The lines could be distorted, and the colors could be strengthened or changed as in the art movement that began in 1905 called Fauvism. Expressionism was more than a style in painting. It could be found in theatre and cinema, literature and architecture. It was a sharing of ideas and experiences across all these media. The life stories of the Expressionist artists show just how much they had in common. Many began by studying applied art, such as furniture design, often to please their parents. Although they later made more personal art, they continued to make use of those technical skills. Both art critics and the public received this new movement with derision and outrage. Expressionist artists were trying to shock by challenging the traditional, conservative views held by many people. Gradually, however, it became accepted and even admired. All the Expressionists were affected by World War I (1914-18). Some fled from Germany and spent the war years in exile. Some never returned to their homeland. Most served in the war and some were killed. At first some of them hoped a war would change society for the better but they were soon disillusioned when they saw the destruction and suffering that it caused. In the years after the war, many Expressionist artist revealed the horrors they experienced in their work. After World War I, Expressionism became very fashionable in Germany, where art was allowed to flourish. This freedom ended in 1933 when Hitler declared all Expressionists were degenerate. This led to them being sacked from their jobs or forced to leave Germany. In 1937 the Nazis took thousands of art works from German museums and put them in an enormous exhibition called the Degenerate Art Exhibition, to show how bad and decadent this art was. It presented a view of the world that went against their political and cultural ambitions to rid Germany of all inferior races.
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【参考译文】
表现主义 表现主义是20世纪初至30年代盛行于欧美一些国家的艺术流派。它首先出现于美术界,后来在音乐、文学、戏剧以及电影等领域得到重大发展。艺术家们从丰富多彩的现实生活中提取素材,创作了大量优秀的艺术作品。虽然表现主义涵盖的范围很广,但本书中所提到的这些表现主义画家是1905年至1920年间,活跃在德国表现主义运动的舞台上的那部分群体。书中其他被提及的作家,有的是用作品影响了这些画家的创作,有的与这些画家有着共同的创作理念。在理念上,表现主义强调反传统,表现主义画家对社会现状不满,要求变革。受凡·高艺术的影响,在创作上,他们不满足于对客观事物的摹写,要求进一步表现事物的内在实质,突破对人的行为和人所处的环境的描绘,揭示人的灵魂和内心的感情世界,以此来引起观众的强烈震撼和共鸣,它给人们提供了看待周围世界的全新视角。表现主义的这一创作观点与野兽派亨利·马蒂斯的观点很不一致,后者认为艺术应该能给人带来内心的祥和与平静,起到抚慰的作用。
表现主义画家在创作过程中改变了以往以写实为主的油画传统,注重通过作品来表达画家个人的真实情感。表现主义的创作受到民间艺术和原始艺术,如非洲艺术的启发。其作品大都色彩鲜艳,轮廓粗犷,虽然在其间也能看见具体的形象,但绝不写实。它们直接、纯朴、直觉地表达了画家的情感。与野兽派的技法较为相近,它擅长运用扭曲的线条或是粗犷的色彩轮廓。
表现主义的影响不仅仅局限于美术界,其创作理念在戏剧、电影、文学以及建筑领域中都有所体现。表现主义画家的生平也有着许多共同之处,比如为了讨好父母,他们大都从学习应用工艺美术起步,如家居设计等。尽管他们后来也有了自己个性化的创作,但这些实用技巧仍会在他们的作品中有所体现。因为试图通过这种新的创作方式向传统而保守的社会观念发起挑战,在出现之初,便受到艺术评论家的公然嘲笑,引起了公众的极度愤慨。不过,随着时代的变迁,它逐渐为人们所接受,甚至成为年轻人崇拜的对象。
第一次世界大战对表现主义画家影响很大。战争期间,他们有的逃离了德国,过着流亡的生活,有些从此就再也没能回去。他们中的大多数都参加了战争,有的在战斗中不幸牺牲。参战之初,他们对战争抱有幻想,期望它能使这个腐化的世界变得更美好,但是战争爆发后不久,这个幻想就破灭了。在亲眼目睹了无数的流血、牺牲、人们流离失所、痛苦挣扎的情景之后,这些画家的精神受到了极大的摧残,战后纷纷在作品中对当时所经历的恐惧和伤害进行了刻画。
一战结束后,百废待兴,表现主义也在德国风靡一时,成为主流艺术。1933年,希特勒上台,情况随之发生了变化。在表现主义作品中,希特勒看到了不利于德国当时所采取的种族灭绝政策的倾向,便宣布表现主义画家都是“堕落分子”。他们在德国社会中已无立足之地,纷纷失去了工作,被迫离开祖国。1937年,纳粹当局从德国博物馆搜罗出上千幅表现主义作品,并组织了一场名为“堕落艺术”的大型展览,以此来宣扬这种艺术形式的腐朽和败坏。
解析:
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