A scientist is informing techs. about a new product which is starting and the type of work that the lab techs. will be expected to do. The barriers which could hinder the lab techs. ability to filter the information include all of the following except:
A language and semantics
B culture and ethics
C intelligence and knowledge base
D reputation, authority, organizational status and position
E relative location of the lab to the scientist's office
162 A scientist is informing techs. about a new product which is starting and the type of work that the lab techs. will be expected to do. The barriers which could hinder the lab techs. ability to filter the information include all of the following except:
A. language and semantics
B. culture and ethics
C. intelligence and knowledge base
D. reputation, authority, organizational status and position
E. relative location of the lab to the scientist's office
Passage Two
There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual the sort of environment in which he is reared (抚养). If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster (收养) homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's IQ was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.
36. This selection can be titled ______.
A. Measuring Your Intelligence
B. Intelligence and Environment
C. The Case of Peter and Mark
D. how the Brain Influences Intelligence
正确答案：B
答案为B。根据第一段的中心得出选项B为正确答案。
what type of intelligence is cooperative learning best suited for? ()
A. Interpersonal intelligence.
B. Linguistic intelligence.
C. Intrapersonal intelligence.
D. Logical intelligence.
There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence． The first is the sort of brain he is born with． Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others． But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn． So the second factor is what happens to the individual--the sort of environment in which he is brought up． If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable．
Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual'sintelligencecanbe?
demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark． Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same． When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes． Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities． Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college． He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually． This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence． Mark's LQ． was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother． Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level．
This selection can best be titled__________．
A.Measuring Your Intelligence
B.Intelligence and Environment
C.The Case of Peter and Mark
D.How the Brain Influences Intelligence
答案：B
解析：
文章第一段提到有两个因素影响人的智力，即先天因素及后天的环境因素。之后提到了两者的关系，如果环境不利，大脑也不可能发展到相应的智力水平。第二段举例说明了环境对智力的影响。因此B项作为标题最恰当
2021 年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语试题2套2021 年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline. The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 . For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women. 16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed 1. A. pauses B. return C. peaks D. fades 2. A. alternatively B. formally C. accidentally D. generally 3. A. while B. since C. once D. until 4. A. detection B. accumulation C. consumption D. separation 5. A. possibility B. decision C. goal D. requirement 6. A. delay B. ensure C. seek D. utilize 7. A. modify B. supported C. included D. predicted 8. A. devoted B. compared C. converted D. applied 9. A. with B. above C. by D. against 10. A. lived B. managed C. scored D. played 11. A. ran out B. set off C. drew in D. went by 12. A. superior B. attributable C. parallel D. resistant 13. A. restored B. isolated C. involved D. controlled 14. A. alter B. spread C. remove D. explain 15. A. compensations B. symptoms C. demands D. treatments 16. A. Likewise B. Meanwhile C. Therefore D. Instead 17. A. change B. watch C. count D. take 18. A. well-being B. process C. formation D. coordination 19. A. level B. love C. knowledge D. space 20. A. design B. routine C. diet D. prescription 参考答案： 1-5：CDABA 6-10：ACBAC 11-15：DBCDD 16-20：BDAAC Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. Successive overnments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North. However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also xperienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but assengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continu
共用题干
Intelligence:a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements.Its value therefore,was as a predic-tor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious.Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age;and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence it-self. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on a-chievement and intelligence.Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3 .There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelli- gence and observed intelligence.Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimu-lation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches.Firstly,the greater part of the devel-opment of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life.It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child re- lationship.Much of the difference in measured intelligence between“privileged”and“disadvan- taged”children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelli- gence.Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed,one of them is learning how to learn. 6 .The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system.In one respect a change is already occurring.With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,fewer children will be given the label “low IQ”which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society's eyes.The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is ac-cepted by more and more people.
It was once believed_______,and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the fu-ture according to his/her intelligence.
A: born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B: have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C:taught to be more intelligent
D:that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E: and because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F: and partly has to do with a child's living environment
答案：D
解析：
在段落中第三句发现了“influence of environment both on. achievement and intelli-gence”，该含义与C的内容一致（环境对智力的影响），而且在段落的后面部分发现了用“穷孩子和富人家的孩子进行比较”的例子，因此肯定C是答案。
本段第一句就把该段的内容讲得很清楚。介绍的是“Two major findings have e-merged from these researches” ,main results只是major findings的另一种说法，故A项正确。
本段的第一句话就说清楚了：研究结果导致我们时智力本质看法的改变。
最后一段第一句话就说与智力本质有关的现代见解必定会对学校体系产生影响，下面又讲了一些正在发生的变化。
空格处需要真正的主语（It是形式主语），因此根据语法结构判断D是答案。该句大意是“人们曾经一度相信，智力是一个孩子天生所具有的，因为我们可以根据他／她的智力水平判断他／她在将来是否会取得成功。”
题干中partly的出现，暗示后半句中很可能还会出现另一个partly。因此判断F是答案。该句大意是“最近的研究已经表明智力一部分是来自遗传，一部分是与孩子的生活环境有关。”
will后面应该直接跟动词原形，因此判断B是答案。该句大意是“从文章中可以推断出如果一个孩子有更多的机会和他人用语言交流，他发展智力的可能性就更大。”
借助搭配语意判断A更加合适。该句含义“孩子不是天生更聪明或较笨，然而他们能够通过在学校学习变得更加聪明。”
共用题干
Intelligence:a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements.Its value therefore,was as a predic-tor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious.Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age;and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence it-self. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on a-chievement and intelligence.Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3 .There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelli- gence and observed intelligence.Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimu-lation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches.Firstly,the greater part of the devel-opment of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life.It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child re- lationship.Much of the difference in measured intelligence between“privileged”and“disadvan- taged”children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelli- gence.Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed,one of them is learning how to learn. 6 .The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system.In one respect a change is already occurring.With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,fewer children will be given the label “low IQ”which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society's eyes.The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is ac-cepted by more and more people.
paragraph 6______
A: Main results of recent researches
B: Popular doubt about the new view
C: Effect of environment on intelligence
D: Intelligence and achievement
E: Impact on school education
F: A changed view of intelligence
答案：E
解析：
在段落中第三句发现了“influence of environment both on. achievement and intelli-gence”，该含义与C的内容一致（环境对智力的影响），而且在段落的后面部分发现了用“穷孩子和富人家的孩子进行比较”的例子，因此肯定C是答案。
本段第一句就把该段的内容讲得很清楚。介绍的是“Two major findings have e-merged from these researches” ,main results只是major findings的另一种说法，故A项正确。
本段的第一句话就说清楚了：研究结果导致我们时智力本质看法的改变。
最后一段第一句话就说与智力本质有关的现代见解必定会对学校体系产生影响，下面又讲了一些正在发生的变化。
空格处需要真正的主语（It是形式主语），因此根据语法结构判断D是答案。该句大意是“人们曾经一度相信，智力是一个孩子天生所具有的，因为我们可以根据他／她的智力水平判断他／她在将来是否会取得成功。”
题干中partly的出现，暗示后半句中很可能还会出现另一个partly。因此判断F是答案。该句大意是“最近的研究已经表明智力一部分是来自遗传，一部分是与孩子的生活环境有关。”
will后面应该直接跟动词原形，因此判断B是答案。该句大意是“从文章中可以推断出如果一个孩子有更多的机会和他人用语言交流，他发展智力的可能性就更大。”
借助搭配语意判断A更加合适。该句含义“孩子不是天生更聪明或较笨，然而他们能够通过在学校学习变得更加聪明。”
共用题干
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
What is the main idea of this passage?
A:The importance of intelligence.
B:The development of intelligence tests.
C:How to become intelligent.
D:How to understand intelligence.
答案：D
解析：
本文主要论述的是心理学家们对智力所持有的不同看法，并通过实验观察来证明其观点，因此本文的主要内容就是如何来理解智力，故选D。
文章的第三段和第四段是关于general intelligence的论述。由第三段第二句“These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.”可知，本题应选D。
由文章第五段第二句可知，Gardner认为所有的孩子都是不同的，不能用同一种智力测试来判断，故选D。
由文章第五段最后一句可知，Gardner认为学校的目的应该是提倡学生各方面智力的全面发展，故选B。
由文章最后一段第一句话可知，Gardner认为他的理论是以生物学为根据的，故选B。
共用题干
Intelligence:a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements.Its value therefore,was as a predic-tor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious.Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age;and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence it-self. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on a-chievement and intelligence.Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3 .There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelli- gence and observed intelligence.Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimu-lation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches.Firstly,the greater part of the devel-opment of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life.It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child re- lationship.Much of the difference in measured intelligence between“privileged”and“disadvan- taged”children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelli- gence.Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed,one of them is learning how to learn. 6 .The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system.In one respect a change is already occurring.With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,fewer children will be given the label “low IQ”which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society's eyes.The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is ac-cepted by more and more people.
More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited_______.
A: born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B: have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C:taught to be more intelligent
D:that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E: and because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F: and partly has to do with a child's living environment
答案：F
解析：
在段落中第三句发现了“influence of environment both on. achievement and intelli-gence”，该含义与C的内容一致（环境对智力的影响），而且在段落的后面部分发现了用“穷孩子和富人家的孩子进行比较”的例子，因此肯定C是答案。
本段第一句就把该段的内容讲得很清楚。介绍的是“Two major findings have e-merged from these researches” ,main results只是major findings的另一种说法，故A项正确。
本段的第一句话就说清楚了：研究结果导致我们时智力本质看法的改变。
最后一段第一句话就说与智力本质有关的现代见解必定会对学校体系产生影响，下面又讲了一些正在发生的变化。
空格处需要真正的主语（It是形式主语），因此根据语法结构判断D是答案。该句大意是“人们曾经一度相信，智力是一个孩子天生所具有的，因为我们可以根据他／她的智力水平判断他／她在将来是否会取得成功。”
题干中partly的出现，暗示后半句中很可能还会出现另一个partly。因此判断F是答案。该句大意是“最近的研究已经表明智力一部分是来自遗传，一部分是与孩子的生活环境有关。”
will后面应该直接跟动词原形，因此判断B是答案。该句大意是“从文章中可以推断出如果一个孩子有更多的机会和他人用语言交流，他发展智力的可能性就更大。”
借助搭配语意判断A更加合适。该句含义“孩子不是天生更聪明或较笨，然而他们能够通过在学校学习变得更加聪明。”
共用题干
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
Gardner be1ieves that______.
A:all children are alike
B:children should take one intelligence test
C:there is no general intelligence
D:children have different intelligences
答案：D
解析：
本文主要论述的是心理学家们对智力所持有的不同看法，并通过实验观察来证明其观点，因此本文的主要内容就是如何来理解智力，故选D。
文章的第三段和第四段是关于general intelligence的论述。由第三段第二句“These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.”可知，本题应选D。
由文章第五段第二句可知，Gardner认为所有的孩子都是不同的，不能用同一种智力测试来判断，故选D。
由文章第五段最后一句可知，Gardner认为学校的目的应该是提倡学生各方面智力的全面发展，故选B。
由文章最后一段第一句话可知，Gardner认为他的理论是以生物学为根据的，故选B。
