Accounting is More Than Numbers Accounting could date back to about 7,000 years ago. People of that time relied on old accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting has greatly developed with the growth of joints tock companies .

题目

Accounting is More Than Numbers Accounting could date back to about 7,000 years ago. People of that time relied on old accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting has greatly developed with the growth of joints tock companies . When you think of accounting， you may find pages of tables and numbers. That image doesn’t usually give you too much excitement. When you have your ownbusiness， though， those numbers come to mean the world to you because they give you the record of how much money you’ve earned or lost. Actually， accounting is not simply about strange dollar amounts or boring numbers； they’re your sales figures， your costs， and your profits. In other words， accounting is alanguage of business. Once you know how to work with those numbers， how to read those numbers and how to read the story they tell， you will be able to manage your business toward greater success. According to the writer, accounting is（）.

Aa language of business

Byour sales figures, your costs, and your profits

CBoth A and B

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相似问题和答案

第1题：

4 The transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) involves major change for companies as IFRSs

introduce significant changes in accounting practices that were often not required by national generally accepted

accounting practice. It is important that the interpretation and application of IFRSs is consistent from country to

country. IFRSs are partly based on rules, and partly on principles and management’s judgement. Judgement is more

likely to be better used when it is based on experience of IFRSs within a sound financial reporting infrastructure. It is

hoped that national differences in accounting will be eliminated and financial statements will be consistent and

comparable worldwide.

Required:

(a) Discuss how the changes in accounting practices on transition to IFRSs and choice in the application of

individual IFRSs could lead to inconsistency between the financial statements of companies. (17 marks)

正确答案：
(a) The transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) involves major change for companies as IFRS introduces
significant changes in accounting practices that often were not required by national GAAPs. For example financial instruments
and share-based payment plans in many instances have appeared on the statements of financial position of companies for
the first time. As a result IFRS financial statements are often significantly more complex than financial statements based on
national GAAP. This complexity is caused by the more extensive recognition and measurement rules in IFRS and a greater
number of disclosure requirements. Because of this complexity, it can be difficult for users of financial statements which have
been produced using IFRS to understand and interpret them, and thus can lead to inconsistency of interpretation of those
financial statements.
The form. and presentation of financial statements is dealt with by IAS1 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’. This standard
sets out alternative forms or presentations of financial statements. Additionally local legislation often requires supplementary
information to be disclosed in financial statements, and best practice as to the form. or presentation of financial statements
has yet to emerge internationally. As a result companies moving to IFRS have tended to adopt IFRS in a way which minimises
the change in the form. of financial reporting that was applied under national GAAP. For example UK companies have tended
to present a statement of recognised income and expense, and a separate statement of changes in equity whilst French
companies tend to present a single statement of changes in equity.
It is possible to interpret standards in different ways and in some standards there is insufficient guidance. For example there
are different acceptable methods of classifying financial assets under IAS39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement’ in the statement of financial position as at fair value through profit or loss (subject to certain conditions) or
available for sale.
IFRSs are not based on a consistent set of principles, and there are conceptual inconsistencies within and between standards.
Certain standards allow alternative accounting treatments, and this is a further source of inconsistency amongst financial
statements. IAS31 ‘Interests in Joint Ventures’ allows interests in jointly controlled entities to be accounted for using the equity
method or proportionate consolidation. Companies may tend to use the method which was used under national GAAP.
Another example of choice in accounting methods under IFRS is IAS16 ‘Property, Plant and equipment’ where the cost or
revaluation model can be used for a class of property, plant and equipment. Also there is very little industry related accounting
guidance in IFRS. As a result judgement plays an important role in the selection of accounting policies. In certain specific
areas this can lead to a degree of inconsistency and lack of comparability.
IFRS1, ‘First time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards’, allows companies to use a number of exemptions
from the requirements of IFRS. These exemptions can affect financial statements for several years. For example, companies
can elect to recognise all cumulative actuarial gains and losses relating to post-employment benefits at the date of transition
to IFRS but use the ‘corridor’ approach thereafter. Thus the effect of being able to use a ‘one off write off’ of any actuarial
losses could benefit future financial statements significantly, and affect comparability. Additionally after utilising the above
exemption, companies can elect to recognise subsequent gains and losses outside profit or loss in ‘other comprehensive
income’ in the period in which they occur and not use the ‘corridor’ approach thus affecting comparability further.
Additionally IAS18 ‘Revenue’ allows variations in the way revenue is recognised. There is no specific guidance in IFRS on
revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. Transactions have to be analysed in accordance with their economic
substance but there is often no more guidance than this in IFRS. The identification of the functional currency under IAS21,
‘The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates’, can be subjective. For example the functional currency can be determined
by the currency in which the commodities that a company produces are commonly traded, or the currency which influences
its operating costs, and both can be different.
Another source of inconsistency is the adoption of new standards and interpretations earlier than the due date of application
of the standard. With the IASB currently preparing to issue standards with an adoption date of 1 January 2009, early adoption
or lack of it could affect comparability although IAS8 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors’
requires a company to disclose the possible impact of a new standard on its initial application. Many companies make very
little reference to the future impact of new standards.

第2题：

听力原文：M: Accounting controls refer to plans, procedures and records required for safeguarding assets and producing reliable financial accounts.

W: Yes. Accounting controls are important elements of a bank's internal control system, the soundness of which is vital for bank's survival.

Q: What are the important elements of a bank's internal control system?

(15)

A．Accounting basis.

B．Cash basis accounting.

C．Accounting control.

D．The chart of accounts of a bank.

正确答案：C
解析：对话谈论的是内部会计控制的问题，根据女士的话"accounting controls are important elements of a bank's internal control system", 可知答案为C选项。

第3题：

You are the administrator of a Windows 2000 network. You need to store secured files for your company's accounting and legal departments on a Windows 2000 Professional computer.

You want to accomplish the following goals:

1. Enable users in both departments to access their own files from the network

2. Enable users in the accounting department to view the legal accounting department's documents

3. Prevent users in the legal department from being able to view the accounting department's documents

4. Enable managers within the company to access and modify both the accounting and the legal department's files

You take the following actions:

1. Create two shared folders named Accounting and Legal

2. Create three groups named Accounting, Legal, and Management

3. Allow the Accounting group modify permission on the Accounting folder

4. Allow the Legal group modify permission on the Legal folders.

5. Allow the Management group modify permission on both the Accounting and Legal folders.

Which result or results do these actions produce? (Choose all that apply)

A．Users in both departments can access to their own files from the network.

B．Users in the accounting department can view the legal department's documents.

C．Users in the legal department cannot view the accounting department's documents.

D．Company managers can access and modify both departments' files.

正确答案：ACD
解析：Explanation:
A: The Accounting group has Modify permission to the Accounting folder, and the Legal department has Modify permission to the Legal folders, so both departments can access their own files.

C: The Legal group has not been granted any permissions on the Accounting folder so they cannot access the Accounting department's documents.

D: The Management group has Modify permissions to both the Accounting and the Legal folders so they will be able to modify both departments' files.

Incorrect Answers
B: The Accounting group has been not been granted any permissions on the Legal folders. They cannot view these folders.

第4题：

Accounting is More Than Numbers

Accounting could date back to about 7,000 years ago. People of that time relied on old accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting has greatly developed with the growth of joint-stock companies.

When you think of accounting, you may find pages of tables and numbers. That image doesn't usually give you too much excitement. When you have your own business, though, those numbers come to mean the world to you because they give you the record of how much money you've earned or lost.

Actually, accounting is not simply about strange dollar amounts or boring numbers; they're your sales figures, your costs, and your profits. In other words, accounting is a language of business. Once you know how to work with those numbers, how to read those numbers and how to read the story they tell, you will be able to manage your business toward greater success.

21. Accounting could date back to about()years ago.

A. 7,000

B. 6,000

C. 5,000

22. People in the old days relied on old accounting methods to record().

A. how much money they had

B. management of their business

C. the growth of crops and herds

23. Accounting has greatly changed with the development of().

A. crops and herds

B. joint-stock companies

C. internet companies

24. Accounting is very important in your business because it shows().

A. how much money you've earned or lost

B. pages full of tables and numbers

C. strange dollar amounts or boring numbers

25. According to the writer, accounting is().

A. a language of business

B. your sales figures, your costs, and your profits

C. Both A and B

参考答案：21-25：ACBAC

第5题：

PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING Every company has an accounting office or a finance department that looks ()its accounting details. An accounting department is the backbone(脊梁)of every business. It records all the business transactions(交易), and keeps a track(记录) of the incomes(收入) and expenses(支出)of the business. The accounting department also helps to determine the correct financial position and standing of the business. For a systematic(系统的)and ()recording of transactions, accounting is important. The purpose of accounting is recording all the transactions honestly and accurately in the “Books of Accounts(账本)”. The accounting process can be defined ()“the process that begins when the transaction takes place and ends ()the transaction is recorded in the books of accounts”. It includes a series of steps that ()to analyze(分析)and record the business transactions for a particular period.

1.A. forB. afterC. up

2.A. accurateB. simpleC. correct

3.A. toB. atC. as

4.A. whenB. whichC. what

5.A. useB. is usedC. uses

参考答案：子问题 1:B; 子问题 2:A; 子问题 3:B; 子问题 4:C; 子问题 5:A

第6题：

There are more and more ______ of software for accounting, this has made the different types of software more accessible in terms of costs and variety.

A manufacturers ;

B manufacturing ;

C manufactures

参考答案:C

第7题：

ACCOUNTING IS MORE THAN NUMBERS Accounting could date back to about 7,000 years ago. People of that time relied on old accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting has greatly developed with the growth of joint-stock companies. When you think of accounting, you may find pages of tables and numbers. That image doesn’t usually give you too much excitement. When you have your own business, though, those numbers come to mean the world to you because they give you the record of how much money you’ve earned or lost. Actually, accounting is not simply about strange dollar amounts or boring numbers; they’re your sales figures, your costs, and your profits. In other words, accounting is a language of business. Once you know how to work with those numbers, how to read those numbers and how to read the story they tell, you will be able to manage your business toward greater success.

1. Accounting could date back to about ()years ago.

A. 7,000

B. 6,000

C. 5,000

2. People in the old days relied on old accounting methods to record ().

A. how much money they had

B. management of their business

C. the growth of crops and herds

3. Accounting has greatly changed with the development of ().

A. crops and herds

B. joint-stock companies

C. internet companies

4. Accounting is very important in your business because it shows ().

A. how much money you’ve earned or lost

B. pages full of tables and numbers

C. strange dollar amounts or boring numbers

5. According to the writer, accounting is ().

A. a language of business

B. your sales figures, your costs, and your profits

C. Both A and B

参考答案：子问题 1:A; 子问题 2:C; 子问题 3:B; 子问题 4:A; 子问题 5:C

第8题：

4 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has begun a joint project to revisit its conceptual framework for

financial accounting and reporting. The goals of the project are to build on the existing frameworks and converge them

into a common framework.

Required:

(a) Discuss why there is a need to develop an agreed international conceptual framework and the extent to which

an agreed international conceptual framework can be used to resolve practical accounting issues.

(13 marks)

正确答案：
(a) The IASB wish their standards to be ‘principles-based’ and in order for this to be the case, the standards must be based on
fundamental concepts. These concepts need to constitute a framework which is sound, comprehensive and internally
consistent. Without agreement on a framework, standard setting is based upon the personal conceptual frameworks of the
individual standard setters which may change as the membership of the body changes and results in standards that are not
consistent with each other. Such a framework is designed not only to assist standard setters, but also preparers of financial
statements, auditors and users.
A common goal of the IASB is to converge their standards with national standard setters. The IASB will encounter difficulties
converging their standards if decisions are based on different frameworks. The IASB has been pursuing a number of projects
that are aimed at achieving short term convergence on certain issues with national standard setters as well as major projects
with them. Convergence will be difficult if there is no consistency in the underlying framework being used.
Frameworks differ in their authoritative status. The IASB’s Framework requires management to expressly consider the
Framework if no standard or interpretation specifically applies or deals with a similar and related issue. However, certain
frameworks have a lower standing. For example, entities are not required to consider the concepts embodied in certain
national frameworks in preparing financial statements. Thus the development of an agreed framework would eliminate
differences in the authoritative standing of conceptual frameworks and lead to greater consistency in financial statements
internationally.
The existing concepts within most frameworks are quite similar. However, these concepts need revising to reflect changes in
markets, business practices and the economic environment since the concepts were developed. The existing frameworks need
developing to reflect these changes and to fill gaps in the frameworks. For example, the IASB’s Framework does not contain
a definition of the reporting entity. An agreed international framework could deal with this problem, especially if priority was
given to the issues likely to give short-term standard setting benefits.
Many standard setting bodies attempted initially to resolve accounting and reporting problems by developing accounting
standards without an accepted theoretical frame. of reference. The result has been inconsistency in the development of
standards both nationally and internationally. The frameworks were developed when several of their current standards were
in existence. In the absence of an agreed conceptual framework the same theoretical issues are revisited on several occasions
by standard setters. The result is inconsistencies and incompatible concepts. Examples of this are substance over form. and
matching versus prudence. Some standard setters such as the IASB permit two methods of accounting for the same set of
circumstances. An example is the accounting for joint ventures where the equity method and proportionate consolidation are
allowed.
Additionally there have been differences in the way that standard setters have practically used the principles in the framework.
Some national standard setters have produced a large number of highly detailed accounting rules with less emphasis on
general principles. A robust framework might reduce the need for detailed rules although some companies operate in a
different legal and statutory context than other entities. It is important that a framework must result in standards that account
appropriately for actual business practice.
An agreed framework will not solve all accounting issues, nor will it obviate the need for judgement to be exercised in resolving
accounting issues. It can provide a framework within which those judgements can be made.
A framework provides standard setters with both a foundation for setting standards, and concepts to use as tools for resolving
accounting and reporting issues. A framework provides a basic reasoning on which to consider the merits of alternatives. It
does not provide all the answers, but narrows the range of alternatives to be considered by eliminating some that are
inconsistent with it. It, thereby, contributes to greater efficiency in the standard setting process by avoiding the necessity of
having to redebate fundamental issues and facilitates any debate about specific technical issues. A framework should also
reduce political pressures in making accounting judgements. The use of a framework reduces the influence of personal biases
in accounting decisions.
However, concepts statements are by their nature very general and theoretical in their wording, which leads to alternative
conclusions being drawn. Whilst individual standards should be consistent with the Framework, in the absence of a specific
standard, it does not follow that concepts will provide practical solutions. IAS8 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors’ sets out a hierarchy of authoritative guidance that should be considered in the absence of a standard.
In this case, management can use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy, albeit by considering the
IASB framework, but can also use accounting standards issued by other bodies. Thus an international framework may nottotally provide solutions to practical accounting problems.

第9题：

听力原文：Although the said company is a sun-rising firm, its accounting management should be improved before the loan is extended to it.

(9)

A．The company is a sun-rising firm so it is worthwhile to extend the loan.

B．The company has some accounting problems, some improvement is needed.

C．The company is short of funds because it is sun-rising.

D．The company has some accounting problems because it is sun-rising.

正确答案：B
解析：单句意思为“尽管我们谈及的企业是成长性企业，但是在我们贷款给对方之前，它应该要完善它的财务会计管理。”

第10题：

The accounting principles () shall be the same as those applied in preceding years.

A、being employed

B、employing

C、employed

D、employ

参考答案：C

Accounting is More Than Numbers Accounting could date back to about 7,000 years ago. People of that time relied on old accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting has greatly developed with the growth of joints tock companies .

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