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Cambridge University　　When we say that Cambridge is a university town, we do not mean just that it is a town with a university in it. Manchester and Milan have universities, but we do not call them university towns. A university town—like Uppsala, Salamanca or Heidelberg—is one where there is no clear separation between the university buildings and the rest of the city. The university is not just one part of the town; it is all over the town. The heart of Cambridge has its shops, pubs, marketplace and so on, but most of it is university—-colleges, faculties, libraries, clubs and other places for university staff and students. Students fill the shops, cafés, banks, and churches, making these as well part, of the university.　　The town was there first. Two Roman roads crossed there, and there are signs of building before Roman times (earlier than A.D.43). Trouble in Oxford I 1209 caused some students and their teachers to move. Cambridge became a centre of learning, and the authority of the head of the university, the chancellor, was recognized by the king in 1226.　　At that time many of the students were very young (about fifteen), and many of the teachers were not more than twenty-one. At first they found lodgings where they could, but this led to trouble between town and gown and many students were too poor to afford lodgings. Colleges were opened so that students could live cheaply. This was the beginning of the college system which has continued at Cambridge up to the present day.　　The colleges were built with money from king, queens, religious houses, or other sources. One example is Clare College. It was first founded in 1326 as University Hall. After the Black Death ( a disease which killed nearly half the population of England between 1349 and 1350) it was founded with money from the Countess of Clare. In providing it, the Countess stated that the college was to be for the education of priests and scholars. Today there are nearly thirty Colleges. The answer are University College, founded in 1965, and Clare Hall, founded in 1966, both for graduates. Very few students can now live in college for the whole of their course; the numbers are too great.　　Many of them live in lodgings—digs—at first and move into college for their final year. But every student is a member of his college from the beginning. While he is in digs he must eat a number of meals in the college hall each week. His social and sports life centers on the college, although he will also join various university societies and clubs. To make this clearer, take the imaginary case of John Smith.　　He is an undergraduate at Queen’s College. His room is on E staircase, not far from his tutor’s rooms on C staircase. He has dinner in the fine old college hall four times a week. He plays rugger for Queen’s and hopes to be chosen to play for the university this year. His other favorite sport is boxing, and he is a member of the university club. He is reading history, and goes once a week to Emmanuel College to see his supervisor to discuss his work and his lecturers. He belongs to several university societies—the Union, the Historical Society, a photographic club, and so on—and to a member of college societies. With about 8,250 undergraduates like John Smith and over 2,000 postgraduates, the city is a busy place in full term. Undergraduates are not allowed to keep cars in Cambridge, so nearly all of them use bicycles. Don’t try to drive through Cambridge during the five minutes between lectures. On Monday John Smith has a lecture in Downing College ending at 9:55 and another in Trinity at 10. His bicycle must get him there through a boiling sea of other bicycles hurrying in all directions.

胡锦涛与南非总统姆贝基会谈　　2007年2月6日，国家主席胡锦涛在比勒陀利亚(Pretoria)同南非总统姆贝基(Thabo Mbeki)举行会谈。双方回顾了建交近10年来中南关系特别是两国务实合作的成功经验和丰硕成果，就中南关系的未来发展达成广泛共识。双方都表示，继续从战略和全局高度看待和发展中南关系，进一步拓展两国各领域合作，加强在非洲和国际事务中的协调和配合，积极推进建立在平等互利、共同发展基础上的中南战略伙伴关系，造福两国人民，推动中南世代友好。　　胡锦涛指出，中南两国人民有着深厚的传统友谊。在南非人民反对种族隔离制度的长期斗争中，中国人民始终坚定地同南非人民站在一起。建交近10年来，中南关系呈现高速度、多领域、全方位的发展态势。经贸、科技、教育、文化、旅游、司法等领域的交流合作成果丰富，人民往来密切。双方在国际事务中保持着密切沟通和配合。中方对两国关系发展的良好势头感到高兴。中方赞赏南方奉行一个中国政策、支持中国统一大业。

Young people are vulnerable to the influences of radio and television.

Language exists to communicate whatever it can communicate. Some things it communicates so badly that we never attempt to communicate them by words if any other medium is available. Those who think they are testing a boy’s “elementary” command of English by asking him to describe in words how one ties one’s tie or what a pair of scissors is like, are far astray. For precisely what language can hardly do at all, and never does well, is to inform us about complex physical shapes and movements. Hence descriptions of such things in the ancient writers are nearly always unintelligible. Hence we never in real life voluntarily use language for this purpose; we draw a diagram or go through pantomimic gestures. The exercises which such examiners set are no more a test of “elementary” linguistic competence than the most difficult bit of trick—riding from the circus ring is a test of elementary horsemanship.　　Another grave limitation of language is that it cannot, like music or gesture, do more than one thing at once. However the words in a great poet’s phrase interanimate one other and strike the mind as quasi-instantaneous chord, yet, strictly speaking, each word must be read or heard before the next. That way, language is as unilinear as time. Hence, in narrative, the great difficulty of presenting a very complicated change which happens suddenly. If we do justice to the complexity, the time the reader must take over the passage will destroy the feeling of suddenness. If we get in the suddenness we shall not be able to get in the complexity.　　One of the most important and effective uses of language is the emotional. It is also, of course, wholly legitimate. We do not talk only in order to reason or to inform. We have to make love and quarrel, to propitiate and pardon, to rebuke, to console, intercede, and a rouse. “He that complains,” said Johnson, “acts like a man, like a social being.” The real objection lies not against the language of emotion as such, but against language which, being in reality emotional, masquerades—whether by plain hypocrisy or subtle self-deceit—as being something else.

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US Environmental Protection　　While the G8 summit was under way, and once the news of Wednesday’s London bombings became known, the American president George Bush was widely quoted on the subject of international terrorism. He spoke of his resolve to bring the perpetrators to justice, and to “spread an ideology of hope and compassion that will overwhelm” what he called “their ideology of hate”.　　But as the G8 meeting drew to a close, the US President had rather less to say about the Plan of Action, announced by the world leaders, to tackle what they deemed the serious and long-term challenge of climate change.　　Stephen Evans, who’s on a driving tour of the western United States, says many Americans remain unconvinced that this is an issue they need to take seriously: I’ve just driven down from Salt Lake City, through the desert of Utah and Nevada. It is a magnificent sublime wilderness where horizons are wide when they’re not broken by the craggy splendour of an ancient volcanic landscape. As the sun sinks here, the rocks glow red and it’s hard to imagine a threat to the environment where space seems limitless. And yet, many of these escarpments hide sites where humans dispose of all sorts of waste. Just beyond the beauty is a land being violated. This is where America throws its trash over the back wall.　　In Europe, insurance premiums rise as homes get built on flood plains in a search for every inch of exploitable space. In America, there is not this connection between wallets and weather. Extremes of climate seem natural.　　Only on the crowded coasts is the environment an issue. California and New York have tough regulations. In between, they often can’t see what the fuss is about. It’s a big country they feel. The taxi-driver in Texas who told me that global warming was hokum is not a lone voice, some of the big oil companies that lobby Mr. Bush are also loathe to concede a link between their product and climate change.　　The environment sometimes seems like the fashionable issue of the moment, the right badge to wear, the current political designer label.　　Things are changing though. Neo-conservatives are worried that importing oil means relying on hostile regimes, which, moreover, might funnel some of the dollars to anti-American causes— what the neocons call a terrorism tax on the American people.　　So there is pressure on Mr. Bush over the environment but not as a grand cause. It’s a concern rather about importing an expensive fuel from hostile places. And Mr. Bush may respond with tax incentives for cleaner technology that the US market seems increasingly to want.

It is useful to science considering the earth as an object in space.

As much is known about what occurs during sleep, the precise function of sleep and its different stages remains largely in the realm of assumption.

Who wrote “Little Women”?

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